Legionella Infection Risk from Domestic Hot Water
Paola Borella*

, M. Teresa Montagna†, Vincenzo Romano-Spica‡§, Serena Stampi¶, Giovanna Stancanelli#, Maria Triassi**, Rachele Neglia*, Isabella Marchesi*, Guglielmina Fantuzzi*, Daniela Tatò†, Christian Napoli†, Gianluigi Quaranta‡, Patrizia Laurenti‡, Erica Leoni¶, Giovanna De Luca§, Cristina Ossi#, Matteo Moro#, and Gabriella Ribera D’Alcalà**
Author affiliations: *University of Modena and Reggio E., Modena, Italy; †University of Bari, Bari, Italy; ‡Catholic University in Rome, Rome, Italy; §University Institute of Physics Sciences, Rome, Italy,; ¶University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; #S. Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy; **University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy
Main Article
Table 2
Chemical, physical, and microbiologic characteristics of the examined hot water samples
Characteristic |
Mean |
SD |
Minimum |
Maximum |
Ca (mg/L)
|
85.0
|
33.0
|
0.1
|
252.0
|
Mg (mg/L)
|
17.6
|
10.6
|
0.1
|
90.1
|
Total hardness (°F)
|
28.3
|
11.4
|
0.3
|
100.1
|
Sampling temperature (°C)
|
41.9
|
12.4
|
17.0
|
65.0
|
Operating temperature (°C)
|
52.9
|
10.0
|
20.0
|
90.0
|
|
Geometric mean
|
Median
|
5th percentile
|
95th percentile
|
Fe (μg/L)
|
15.0
|
21.0
|
0.1
|
171.5
|
Mn (μg/L)
|
2.4
|
3.0
|
0.1
|
13.9
|
Cu (μg/L)
|
11.5
|
14.2
|
0.1
|
87.5
|
Zn (μg/L)
|
62.6
|
100.0
|
1
|
776.4
|
Free Cl (μg/L)
|
9.2
|
26.4
|
0.0
|
250.0
|
Oxidizability (mg/L O2)
|
0.63
|
0.64
|
0.24
|
1.70
|
Pseudomonas spp. (CFU/100 mL)a
|
139.2
|
223.6
|
1.0
|
1.0 × 104
|
Total count at 36°C (CFU/mL)a
|
98.6
|
95.0
|
3.4
|
1.7 × 103
|
Total count at 22°C (CFU/mL)a |
50.4 |
30.0 |
4.0 |
3.9 × 103 |
Main Article
Page created: February 08, 2011
Page updated: February 08, 2011
Page reviewed: February 08, 2011
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