Volume 10, Number 6—June 2004
Research
Antimicrobial Resistance Incidence and Risk Factors among Helicobacter pylori–Infected Persons, United States
Table 4
Univariate analysis of risk factors for resistance to >1 antimicrobial agent among Helicobacter pylori isolates submitted to HARP, 1998–2002
Risk factor | Proportion of patients harboring resistant H. pylori isolate |
Odds ratio (95% CI) |
|
---|---|---|---|
Exposed, n (%) | Unexposed, n (%) | ||
Zantac use 12 mo before EGD |
25 (48) |
89 (32) |
2.0 (1.1–3.6)b |
Tums use 12 mo before EGD |
19 (51) |
95 (32) |
2.2 (1.1–4.4)b |
Tums use 30 d before EGD |
12 (55) |
102 (33) |
2.4 (>1.0–5.8)b |
Mylanta use 12 mo before EGD |
4 (15) |
110 (36) |
0.3 (0.1–1.0) |
Took antibiotic 12 mo before EGD |
29 (43) |
68 (34) |
1.5 (0.9–2.6) |
Past treatment of H. pylori infection with: |
|||
PPI |
5 (71) |
109 (34) |
4.9 (1.0–26) |
Clarithromycin |
5 (83) |
109 (33) |
9.9 (1.1–86) |
Treatment for H. pylori a second time in the past 5 years |
11 (65) |
107 (32) |
3.8 (1.4–11) |
Treatment of H. pylori infection more than once with |
|||
PPI |
8 (80) |
106 (33) |
8.1 (1.7–39) |
Clarithromycin |
8 (80) |
106 (33) |
8.1 (1.7–39) |
Age >57 years |
50 (31) |
68 (37) |
0.8 (0.5–1.2) |
Race/ethnicity |
|||
Black |
67 (39) |
51 (29) |
1.6 (1.0–2.4) |
Hispanic |
2 (11) |
116 (35) |
0.2 (0.1–1.0) |
Male sex |
65 (31) |
47 (42) |
0.6 (0.4–1.0) |
HARP site |
|||
New York, NY |
3 (14) |
115 (35) |
0.3 (0.1–1.0) |
Palo Alto, CA |
4 (17) |
114 (35) |
0.4 (0.1–1.1) |
Atlanta, GA |
8 (22) |
110 (36) |
0.5 (0.2–1.1) |
Nashville, TN | 11 (24) | 107 (35) | 0.6 (0.3–1.2) |
aN = 347; HARP, Helicobacter pylori Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring Project; EGD, esophagogastro-duodenal endoscopy; PPI, proton pump inhibitor; CI, confidence interval.
bThese risk factors were not considered for multivariate analysis because of small cell-size differences between subjects with a resistant H. pylori infection and those without.