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Volume 10, Number 7—July 2004
Research

Sporadic Cryptosporidiosis Case-Control Study with Genotyping

Paul R. Hunter*Comments to Author , Sara Hughes†, Sarah Woodhouse†, Qutub Syed†, Neville Q. Verlander‡, Rachel M. Chalmers§, Kenton L. Morgan¶, Gordon Nichols†, Nick Beeching#, and Keith Osborn**
Author affiliations: *University of East Anglia, Norwich United Kingdom; †Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre – North West, Chester, United Kingdom; ‡Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre, London, United Kingdom; §Singleton Hospital, Swansea, United Kingdom; ¶University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; #Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and; **United Utilities, Warrington, United Kingdom

Main Article

Appendix

Single variable analysis (chi-square test or Fisher exact test) of significant and selected nonsignificant variablesa

Variables Case-patients Controls OR 95% CIs p value
General information
Sex
M
 204 190 1.02 0.76–1.35 0.967
F
 222
 210
Have a medical condition known to affect immunity
Y
 17 3 5.67 1.54–4.78 0.004
N
 376
 376
No. of persons 5–15 years living with you
0
 115 63 <0.001b
1
 115 103 0.61 0.40–0.94
2
 39 53 0.40 0.23–0.70
3
 12 11 0.60 0.23–1.59
4
 2 4 0.27 0.00–21.70
>5
 0
 1
 0.00
 0.00–21.70
Travel outside UK
Y
 99 24 4.74 2.89–7.85 <0.001
N
 327
 376
Gardening other than watering
Y
 62
 90
 0.61
 0.42–0.89
 0.009
N
 345
 306
Swimming pool use
Swim in a swimming pool
Y
 172 147 1.15 0.86–1.55 0.362
N
 252
 248
No. of times swum in a swimming pool
0
 252 248 <0.001b
1
 38 46 0.81 0.50–1.33
2
 39 52 0.74 0.46–1.19
3
 18 17 1.04 0.50–2.18
4
 13 11 1.16 0.48–2.84
>5
 53
 18
 2.90
 1.60–5.29
Use a toddler pool
Y
 76 50 1.52 1.01–2.28 0.043
N
 345
 344
No. of times swum in toddler pool
0
 345 344 0.001b
1
 16 16 1.00 0.47–2.14
2
 21 22 0.95 0.49–1.84
3
 5 4 1.25 0.27–6.33
4
 6 3 1.99 0.42–12.41
>5
 18
 1
 17.95
 2.80–749.91
Contact with animals
Touch or handle any farm animals
Y
 70 43 1.65 1.07–2.54 0.021
N
 344
 348
Touch any cattle
Y
 22 8 2.69 1.11–6.70 0.024
N
 392
 383
Domestic pets living in home
Y
 207 214 0.82 0.62–1.09 0.180
N
 219
 186
Contact with case-patients
Anyone else in previous 2 weeks in house ill with diarrhea
Y
 83 28 3.20 1.98–5.20 <0.001
N
 334
 361
Contact with another person ill with diarrhea
Y
 91 24 4.27 2.59–7.10 <0.001
N
 324
 365
Contact with children <5 y
Toileting contact with a child <5 y
Y
 86 52 1.69 1.14–2.51 0.008
N
 341
 348
Diaper-changing contact with a child <5 y
Y
 71 48 1.46 0.96–2.22 0.073
N
 356
 352
Drinking water consumption
Did you drink unboiled tap water at home
Y
 347 342 0.82 0.54–1.23 0.359
N
 67
 54
No. of glasses of tap water drunk a day
0
 67 54 0.037b
1
 54 65 0.67 0.39–1.15
2
 57 74 0.62 0.37–1.05
3
 65 88 0.60 0.36–0.99
4
 47 57 0.66 0.38–1.16
>5
 73
 33
 1.78
 1.00–3.19
Use a water filter at home
Y
 39 34 1.11 0.66–1.85 0.771
N
 373
 360
Disruption to your water supply at home
Y
 27 25 1.19 0.65–2.18 0.650
N
 321
 353
Any water discoloration
Y
 22 16 1.33 0.6–6–2.72 0.490
N
 392
 380
Any altered taste to the water
Y
 14 4 3.43 1.03–12.57 0.040
N
 400
 392
Any loss of water pressure
Y
 11 13 0.80 0.33–1.95 0.751
N
 403
 383
Any other problems with water
Y
 17 11 1.50 0.65–3.49 0.400
N
 397
 385
Did you drink unboiled tap water at somewhere other than home
Y
 212 193 1.16 0.85–1.58 0.352
N
 153
 162
Did you use ice cubes
Y
 120 113 1.05 0.76–1.45 0.813
N
 277
 274
No. of times ice cubes were used
0
 277 274 0.944b
1
 13 12 1.07 0.45–2.56
2
 17 24 0.70 0.35–1.39
3
 15 20 0.74 0.35–1.55
4
 19 9 2.09 0.88–5.08
>5
 30
 31
 0.96
 0.55–1.68
Drink any bottled water
Y
 164 148 1.13 0.83–1.52 0.457
N
 228
 232
No. of glasses of bottled water a day
0
 228 232 0.018a
1
 31 49 0.64 0.38–1.07
2
 34 37 0.94 0.55–1.59
3
 12 12 1.02 0.42–2.48
4
 16 9 1.81 0.74–4.53
>5
 21
 8
 2.67
 1.10–6.71
Consumption of raw vegetables or salads
Eat lettuce
Y
 161 186 0.75 0.55–1.01 0.057
N
 212
 183
Eat other green salad
Y
 165 204 0.61 0.45–0.83 0.001
N
 194
 146
Eat tomatoes
Y
 195 249 0.54 0.39–0.73 <0.001
N
 184
 126
Eat coleslaw
Y
 83
 116
 0.62
 0.44–0.89
 0.007
N
 267
 233
Eat raw vegetables
Y
 94 157 0.45 0.33–0.63 <0.001
N
 259
 196
Eat fresh fruit
Y
 332 361 0.36 0.20–0.63 <0.001
N
 54
 21
Consumption of dairy products
Eat uncooked soft cheese
Y
 85 116 0.65 0.46–0.91 0.012
N
 270
 238
Eat uncooked hard cheese
Y
 243 281 0.59 0.42–0.83 0.002
N
 125
 85
Eat ice cream
Y
 249 284 0.55 0.39–0.78 <0.001
N
 127
 80
Eat or drink cream
Y
 86 124 0.60 0.42–0.84 0.003
N
 259
 223
Area of residence
Health authority
A
 40 19 <0.001
B
 14 46 0.14 0.06–0.32
C
 0 0 n.e. n.e.
D
 40 37 0.51 0.25–1.04
E
 8 4 0.95 0.25–3.55
F
 32 58 0.26 0.13–0.53
G
 7 7 0.48 0.15–5.55
H
 17 10 0.81 0.31–2.09
I
 0 0 n.e. n.e.
J
 42 51 0.39 0.20–0.77
K
 1 1 0.48 0.83–8.01
L
 5 4 0.59 0.14–2.47
M
 43 29 0.70 0.34–1.45
N
 24 10 1.14 0.46–2.85
O
 27 23 0.56 0.26–1.22
P
 15 6 1.19 0.40–3.54
Q
 1 0 n.e. 0.0004–∞
R
 24 23 0.50 0.22–1.09
S
 8 17 0.22 0.08–0.61
T
 5 10 0.24 0.07–0.79
U 74 45 0.78 0.40–1.51

aOR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; n.e., not estimable.
bChi-square test for trend.

Main Article

Page created: June 16, 2011
Page updated: June 16, 2011
Page reviewed: June 16, 2011
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