Volume 11, Number 5—May 2005
Research
Risk Factors for Kala-Azar in Bangladesh
Caryn Bern*
, Allen W. Hightower*, Rajib Chowdhury†, Mustakim Ali†, Josef Amann*, Yukiko Wagatsuma†, Rashidul Haque†, Katie Kurkjian*, Louise E. Vaz*, Moarrita Begum†, Tangin Akter†, Catherine B. Cetre-Sossah*, Indu B. Ahluwalia*, Ellen Dotson*, W. Evan Secor*, Robert F. Breiman*†, and James H. Maguire*
, Allen W. Hightower*, Rajib Chowdhury†, Mustakim Ali†, Josef Amann*, Yukiko Wagatsuma†, Rashidul Haque†, Katie Kurkjian*, Louise E. Vaz*, Moarrita Begum†, Tangin Akter†, Catherine B. Cetre-Sossah*, Indu B. Ahluwalia*, Ellen Dotson*, W. Evan Secor*, Robert F. Breiman*†, and James H. Maguire*
Table 2
Individual-level factors associated with kala-azar (KA) in univariate analyses adjusted for household clustering, Bangladesh, 2000–2003
| Factor | N* | Cumulative KA incidence, n (%) | OR (95% CI)† | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y) | ||||
| <3 | 216 | 4 (1.9) | 0.78 (0.22–2.78) | 0.71 |
| 3–14 | 821 | 71 (8.7) | 3.99 (1.77–8.99) | 0.0008 |
| 15–45 | 1,002 | 74 (7.4) | 3.28 (1.48–7.27) | 0.0034 |
| >45 | 250 | 6 (3.9) | Referent | |
| Female | 1,196 | 74 (6.2) | 0.84 (0.62–1.15) | 0.29 |
| Male | 1,102 | 81 (7.4) | Referent | |
| Sleeps on ground | 150 | 9 (6.0) | 0.99 (0.51–1.90) | 0.97 |
| Sleeps on bed or cot | 1,849 | 123 (6.7) | Referent | |
| Always uses net in summer | 1,769 | 96 (5.4) | 0.43 (0.29–0.64) | <0.0001 |
| Uses net sometimes or never in summer | 370 | 46 (12.4) | Referent | |
| Always uses net in winter | 754 | 30 (4.0) | 0.49 (0.33–0.73) | 0.0004 |
| Uses net sometimes or never in winter | 1,385 | 112 (8.1) | Referent | |
| Always uses net in rainy season | 1,277 | 76 (6.0) | 0.79 (0.54–1.17) | 0.24 |
| Uses net sometimes or never in rainy season | 862 | 66 (7.7) | Referent | |
| Uses bed net ever | 1,849 | 109 (5.9) | 0.51 (0.32–0.80) | 0.0033 |
| Never uses bed net | 290 | 33 (11.4) | Referent | |
| Distance from previous KA patient | ||||
| Same house | 468 | 72 (15.4) | 35.7 (21.1–60.2) | <0.0001 |
| <50 m | 1,178 | 67 (5.7) | 3.51 (1.89–6.51) | <0.0001 |
| >50 m | 652 | 16 (2.5) | Referent | |
| Eats beef at least twice a month | 711 | 49 (6.9) | 1.1 (0.76–1.59) | 0.62 |
| Eats beef less than once a month | 1,299 | 83 (6.4) | Referent | |
| Eats goat at least twice a month | 206 | 9 (4.4) | 0.59 (0.24, 1.43) | 0.24 |
| Eats goat less than once a month | 1,804 | 123 (6.8) | Referent | |
| Eats fish daily | 1,402 | 96 (6.9) | 1.25 (0.80–1.94) | 0.33 |
| Eats fish less than daily | 610 | 36 (5.9) | Referent | |
| Eats chicken at least twice a month | 437 | 34 (7.8) | 1.34 (0.86–2.11) | 0.2 |
| Eats chicken less than once a month | 1,567 | 98 (6.3) | Referent | |
| Goats kept in sleeping room | 248 | 14 (5.7) | 0.87 (0.48–1.57) | 0.64 |
| No goats in sleeping room | 1,705 | 108 (6.3) | Referent | |
| Chickens kept in sleeping room | 1,269 | 80 (6.3) | 1.04 (0.68–1.60) | 0.85 |
| No chickens in sleeping room | 681 | 42 (6.2) | Referent | |
*Existing values for each variable.
†OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
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