Volume 12, Number 2—February 2006
Research
Ameba-associated Microorganisms and Diagnosis of Nosocomial Pneumonia
Table 1
Identification of 26 nonameba-associated microorganisms in 210 episodes of pneumonia
| Microorganism | Definite,* no. (%) | Possible,† no. (%) | Total, no. (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Community-acquired pneumonia | ||||
| Bacteria | ||||
| Acinetobacter baumanii | 2 (1.4) | 2 (1.2) | ||
| Chlamydia pneumoniae | 1 (3.6) | 2 (1.4) | 3 (1.8) | |
| C. psittacci | 1 (3.6) | 2 (1.4) | 3 (1.8) | |
| Enterobacter cloacae | 1 (0.7) | 1 (0.6) | ||
| E. faecalis | 1 (0.7) | 1 (0.6) | ||
| Escherichia coli | 2 (7.1) | 2 (1.4) | 4 (2.3) | |
| Haemophilus influenzae | 1 (3.6) | 3 (2.1) | 4 (2.3) | |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 1 (3.6) | 1 (0.6) | ||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 1 (3.6) | 2 (1.4) | 3 (1.8) | |
| Serratia marcescens | 1 (0.7) | 1 (0.6) | ||
| Staphylococcus aureus | 1 (3.6) | 5 (3.5) | 6 (3.6) | |
| Streptococcus agalactiae | 1 (0.7) | 1 (0.6) | ||
| S. pneumoniae | 3 (2.1) | 3 (1.8) | ||
| Fungi | ||||
| Pneumocystis carinii | 3 (10.7) | 3 (1.8) | ||
| Viruses‡ | ||||
| Cytomegalovirus | 2 (1.4) | 2 (1.2) | ||
| Herpes simplex virus 1 | 4 (2.8) | 4 (2.3) | ||
| Ventilator-associated pneumonia | ||||
| Bacteria | ||||
| A. baumanii | 1 (0.7) | 1 (0.6) | ||
| Balneatrix alpica | 1 (3.6) | 1 (0.6) | ||
| C. pneumoniae | 1(0.7) | 1 (0.6) | ||
| Citrobacter koseri | 1 (0.7) | 1 (0.6) | ||
| Clostridium freundii | 1 (0.7) | 1 (0.6) | ||
| Coxiella burnetii | 1 (0.7) | 1 (0.6) | ||
| Enterobacter aerogenes | 4 (2.8) | 4 (2.3) | ||
| E. cloacae | 5 (3.5) | 5 (2.9) | ||
| E. coli | 2 (7.1) | 6 (4.2) | 8 (4.7) | |
| H. influenzae | 1 (0.7) | 1 (0.6) | ||
| Proteus mirabilis | 3 (2.1) | 3 (1.8) | ||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 9 (32.1) | 31 (21.7) | 40 (23.4) | |
| Raoultella ornithinolytica | 1 (0.7) | 1 (0.6) | ||
| S. marcescens | 2 (1.4) | 2 (1.2) | ||
| S. aureus | 2 (7.1) | 21 (14.7) | 23 (13.6) | |
| S. epidermidis | 1 (3.6) | 1 (0.7) | 2 (1.2) | |
| Stenotrophomonas maltophilia | 5 (3.5) | 5 (2.9) | ||
| S. agalactiae | 1 (0.7) | 1 (0.6) | ||
| S. pneumoniae | 1 (3.6) | 2 (1.4) | 3 (1.8) | |
| Fungi | ||||
| Candida albicans | 1 (3.6) | 1 (0.6) | ||
| Viruses‡ | ||||
| Cytomegalovirus | 11 (7.7) | 11 (6.4) | ||
| Herpes simplex virus 1 | 13 (9.1) | 13 (7.6) | ||
| Total | 28 (100.0) | 143 (100.0) | 171 (100.0) | |
*Detection of M. tuberculosis or P. carinii by bronchioalveolar lavage (BAL); simultaneous positive culture with BAL and blood culture; positive for influenza viruses A and B, adenovirus, or C. burnetii (immunoglobulin G2 [IgG2] titer >1:200, IgM2 >1:50); 4-fold increase in antibody titer between acute- and convalescent-phase serum; or seroconversion from 0 to 1:128 for C. psittacci, from 0 to 1:256 for C. pneumoniae, from 0 to 1 for M. pneumoniae, and from 0 to 1:100 for B. alpica.
†Detection of a potentially pathogenic microorganism (M. tuberculosis and P. carinii) by BAL and single or stable antibody titer >1:512 for Chlamydia spp., >1:2 for M. pneumoniae, and >1:400 for B. alpica.
‡No epidemic of influenza virus A/B or adenovirus was observed during the 18-month study period.