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Volume 12, Number 4—April 2006
Research

Reducing Legionella Colonization of Water Systems with Monochloramine

Brendan Flannery*Comments to Author , Lisa B. Gelling†, Duc J. Vugia‡, June M. Weintraub§, James J. Salerno¶, Michael J. Conroy¶, Valerie A. Stevens*, Charles E. Rose*, Matthew R. Moore*, Barry S. Fields*, and Richard E. Besser*
Author affiliations: *Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; †California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland, California, USA; ‡California Department of Health Services, Richmond, California, USA; §City and County of San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, California, USA; ¶San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, Burlingame, California, USA

Main Article

Table 1

Characteristics of treated water in the city distribution system or in water heaters in 53 sampled buildings, San Francisco, California, stratified by year

Measurement (unit)* 2003, mean (range) 2004,† mean (range) Reference value‡
Treated water
Total chlorine, ppm 0.60 (0.01–2.20) 1.97 (0.15–3.40) 4.00
Total trihalomethanes, ppb 65.3 (16.0–143.0) 34.8 (11.0–46.0) 80.0
Total haloacetic acids, ppb 19.5 (6.0–55.0) 20.3 (3.0–33.0) 60.0
Total organic carbon, ppb 2.8 (2.4–3.3) 2.9 (2.6–3.1) NA
pH 9.0 (7.4–9.9) 8.8 (7.5–10.5) NA
Lead, ppb§ 6.7§ 11.5 15.0
Copper, ppb§ 120§ 90 1,300
Water sampled from water heaters in 53 buildings¶
Total chlorine, ppm 0.13 (0–0.86) 1.10 (0–2.20) NA
Temperature, °C 44.9 (17.8–87.8) 45.1 (17.8–79.4) NA
pH 8.9 (7.5–10.5) 8.7 (7.5–10.4) NA

*ppm, parts per million; ppb, parts per billion.
†Measurements were taken from March through December 2004, after conversion to chloramine for residual disinfection.
‡Maximum allowable levels for compliance with Environmental Protection Agency standards. NA, not applicable.
§Measurements for lead and copper are the 90th percentile for samples collected from point of use. Prechloramine samples were collected during 2001.
¶Water heater samples were collected on 3 occasions over a 10-month period. Mean and range were calculated for 159 samples.

Main Article

Page created: January 24, 2012
Page updated: January 24, 2012
Page reviewed: January 24, 2012
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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