Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 12, Number 9—September 2006
Research

Lymph Node Biopsy Specimens and Diagnosis of Cat-scratch Disease

Jean-Marc Rolain*, Hubert Lepidi*, Michel Zanaret†, Jean-Michel Triglia‡, Gérard Michel§, Pascal-Alexandre Thomas¶, Michèle Texereau#, Andreas Stein***, Anette Romaru††, François Eb‡‡, and Didier Raoult*Comments to Author 
Author affiliations: *Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France; †Fédération Oto-Rhingo-Laryngologie, Marseille, France; ‡Hôpital Timone Enfant, Marseille, France; §Hôpital d'Enfants de la Timone, Marseille, France; ¶Hôpital Sainte-Marguerite, Marseille, France; #Fédération de Médecine, Niort, France; **Hôpital de la Conception, Marseille, France; ††Laboratoire de Biologie, Niort, France; ‡‡Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Amiens, France

Main Article

Table 3

Relevant studies of causes of lymphadenopathy, 1983–2004*

Variable Doberneck (28) Roberts (25) Anthony (29) Freidig (27) Ridder (1) Chau (36) This study
Years 1972–1982 1978–1983 1983 1978–1986 1997–2001 1996–2001 2001–2005
No. patients 169 163 228 419 454 423 786
Mean age, y (range) 34.6 (1–78} (1–90) (0–>60) 46.7 (2–89) 34.9 (2–90) 40 (14–90) 32.0 (1–94)
Infectious diseases (%) 8/79 (10.1) 76 11 (4.8) 66 (15.8) 156 (34.4) 75 (17.7) 391 (49.7)
CSD (%) 0 0 3 0 61 (13.4) 3 245 (31.2)
Mycobacteria (%) 5/79 (6.3) 27 (16.6) 6 (2.6) 24 (5.7) 5 (1.1) 12 (2.8) 54 (6.9)
Staphylococci or streptococci (%) 3/79 41 NA 2 13 2 49
Malignant process (%) 119 (70.4) 51 (31.2%) 60 (26.3) 113 (27.0) 52 (11.5) 95 (17.3) 47 (26%)†
Undiagnosed (%) 42 (24.9) 28 (17.2) 68 (29.8) 113 (27.0) 171 (37.7) 168 (39.7) 350 (44.6)

*CSD, cat-scratch disease.
†Only 181 samples could be tested by histopathologic analysis.

Main Article

References
  1. Ridder  GJ, Boedeker  CC, Technau-Ihling  K, Grunow  R, Sander  A. Role of cat-scratch disease in lymphadenopathy in the head and neck. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35:6439.DOIGoogle Scholar
  2. Carithers  HA. Cat-scratch disease: an overview based on a study of 1,200 patients. Am J Dis Child. 1985;139:112433.
  3. Margileth  AM. Antibiotic therapy for cat scratch disease: clinical study of therapeutic outcome in 268 patients and a review of the literature. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1992;11:4748.DOIGoogle Scholar
  4. La Scola  B, Raoult  D. Culture of Bartonella quintana and Bartonella henselae from human samples: a 5-year experience (1993 to 1998). J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37:1899905.
  5. Brenner  SA, Rooney  JA, Manzewitsch  P, Regnery  RL. Isolation of Bartonella (Rochalimaea) henselae: effects of methods of blood collection and handling. J Clin Microbiol. 1997;35:5447.
  6. Rolain  JM, Gouriet  F, Enea  M, Aboud  M, Raoult  D. Detection by immunofluorescence assay of Bartonella henselae in lymph nodes from patients with cat scratch disease. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2003;10:68691.
  7. Zeaiter  Z, Fournier  PE, Raoult  D. Genomic variation of Bartonella henselae strains detected in lymph nodes of patients with cat scratch disease. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40:102330.DOIGoogle Scholar
  8. Hansmann  Y, DeMartino  S, Piemont  Y, Meyer  N, Mariet  P, Heller  R, Diagnosis of cat scratch disease with detection of Bartonella henselae by PCR: a study of patients with lymph node enlargement. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:38006.DOIGoogle Scholar
  9. Sander  A, Berner  R, Ruess  M. Serodiagnosis of cat scratch disease: response to Bartonella henselae in children and a review of diagnostic methods. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2001;20:392401.
  10. Maurin  M, Rolain  JM, Raoult  D. Comparison of in-house and commercial slides for detection by immunofluorescence of immunoglobulins G and M against Bartonella henselae and Bartonella quintana. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2002;9:10049.
  11. Fournier  PE, Robson  J, Zeaiter  Z, McDougall  R, Byrne  S, Raoult  D. Improved culture from lymph nodes of patients with cat scratch disease and genotypic characterization of Bartonella henselae isolates in Australia. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40:36204.DOIGoogle Scholar
  12. Regnery  RL, Olson  TG, Perkins  BA, Bibb  W. Serological response to Rochalimaea henselae antigen in suspected cat-scratch disease. Lancet. 1992;339:14435.DOIGoogle Scholar
  13. Weisburg  WG, Barns  SM, Pelletier  DA, Lane  DJ. 16S ribosomal DNA amplification for phylogenetic study. J Bacteriol. 1991;173:697703.
  14. Drancourt  M, Bollet  C, Carlioz  A, Martelin  R, Gayral  JP, Raoult  D. 16S ribosomal DNA sequence analysis of a large collection of environmental and clinical unidentifiable bacterial isolates. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38:362330.
  15. Fenollar  F, Roux  V, Stein  A, Drancourt  M, Raoult  D. Analysis of 525 samples to determine the usefulness of PCR amplification and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene for diagnosis of bone and joint infections. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44:101828.DOIGoogle Scholar
  16. Drancourt  M, Carrieri  P, Gevaudan  MJ, Raoult  D. Blood agar and Mycobacterium tuberculosis: the end of a dogma. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41:17101.DOIGoogle Scholar
  17. Fournier  PE, Drancourt  M, Lepidi  H, Gevaudan  MJ, Raoult  D. Isolation of mycobacteria from clinical samples using the centrifugation-shell vial technique. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2000;19:6970.DOIGoogle Scholar
  18. Bruijnesteijn van Coppenraet  ES, Lindeboom  JA, Prins  JM, Peeters  MF, Claas  EC, Kuijper  EJ. Real-time PCR assay using fine-needle aspirates and tissue biopsy specimens for rapid diagnosis of mycobacterial lymphadenitis in children. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42:264450.DOIGoogle Scholar
  19. Fournier  PE, Bernabeu  L, Schubert  B, Mutillod  M, Roux  V, Raoult  D. Isolation of Francisella tularensis by centrifugation of shell vial cell culture from an inoculation eschar. J Clin Microbiol. 1998;36:27823.
  20. Rolain  JM, Chanet  V, Laurichesse  H, Beytout  J, Raoult  D. Cat scratch disease with vertebral osteomyelitis and spleen abscesses. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;990:397403.DOIGoogle Scholar
  21. Sander  A, Posselt  M, Böhm  N, Ruess  M, Altwegg  M. Detection of Bartonella henselae DNA by two different PCR assays and determination of the genotypes of strains involved in histologically defined cat scratch disease. J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37:9937.
  22. Avidor  B, Kletter  Y, Abulafia  S, Golan  Y, Ephros  M, Giladi  M. Molecular diagnosis of cat scratch disease: a two-step approach. J Clin Microbiol. 1997;35:192430.
  23. Maggi  RG, Duncan  AW, Breitschwerdt  EB. Novel chemically modified liquid medium that will support the growth of seven Bartonella species. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:26515.DOIGoogle Scholar
  24. Raoult  D, Drancourt  M, Carta  A, Gastaut  JA. Bartonella (Rochalimaea) quintana isolation in patient with chronic adenopathy, lymphopenia, and a cat. Lancet. 1994;343:977.DOIGoogle Scholar
  25. Roberts  FJ, Linsey  S. The value of microbial cultures in diagnostic lymph-node biopsy. J Infect Dis. 1984;149:1625.DOIGoogle Scholar
  26. Noordhoek  GT, Kolk  AH, Bjune  G, Catty  D, Dale  JW, Fine  PE, Sensitivity and specificity of PCR for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a blind comparison study among seven laboratories. J Clin Microbiol. 1994;32:27784.
  27. Freidig  EE, McClure  SP, Wilson  WR, Banks  PM, Washington  JA. Clinical-histologic-microbiologic analysis of 419 lymph node biopsy specimens. Rev Infect Dis. 1986;8:3228.DOIGoogle Scholar
  28. Doberneck  RC. The diagnostic yield of lymph node biopsy. Arch Surg. 1983;118:12035.
  29. Anthony  PP, Knowles  SA. Lymphadenopathy as a primary presenting sign: a clinicopathological study of 228 cases. Br J Surg. 1983;70:4124.DOIGoogle Scholar
  30. Lai  KK, Stottmeier  KD, Sherman  IH, McCabe  WR. Mycobacterial cervical lymphadenopathy. Relation of etiologic agents to age. JAMA. 1984;251:12868.DOIGoogle Scholar
  31. Ishige  I, Usui  Y, Takemura  T, Eishi  Y. Quantitative PCR of mycobacterial and propionibacterial DNA in lymph nodes of Japanese patients with sarcoidosis. Lancet. 1999;354:1203.DOIGoogle Scholar
  32. Newton  JA Jr, Wallace  MR. Nodular lymphadenitis caused by Nocardia brasiliensis. Clin Infect Dis. 1994;18:843.DOIGoogle Scholar
  33. Tattevin  P, Arvieux  C, Dupont  M, Guggenbuhl  P, Lemeur  A, Michelet  C. Granulomatous lymphadenitis as a manifestation of Q fever. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9:1378.
  34. Ellis  J, Oyston  PC, Green  M, Titball  RW. Tularemia. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2002;15:63146.DOIGoogle Scholar
  35. Lepidi  H, Costedoat  N, Piette  JC, Harle  JR, Raoult  D. Immunohistological detection of Tropheryma whipplei (Whipple bacillus) in lymph nodes. Am J Med. 2002;113:3346.DOIGoogle Scholar
  36. Chau  I, Kelleher  MT, Cunningham  D, Norman  AR, Wotherspoon  A, Trott  P, Rapid access multidisciplinary lymph node diagnostic clinic: analysis of 550 patients. Br J Cancer. 2003;88:35461.DOIGoogle Scholar
  37. Peter  JB, Boyle  M, Patnaik  M, Hadfield  TL, Barka  NE, Schwartzman  WA, Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in AIDS: association with Rochalimaea henselae infection. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 1994;1:1156.
  38. Reynolds  MG, Holman  RC, Curns  AT, O'Reilly  M, McQuiston  JH, Steiner  CA. Epidemiology of cat-scratch disease hospitalizations among children in the United States. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005;24:7004.DOIGoogle Scholar
  39. Ben Ami  R, Ephros  M, Avidor  B, Katchman  E, Varon  M, Leibowitz  C, Cat-scratch disease in elderly patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:96974.DOIGoogle Scholar

Main Article

Page created: November 17, 2011
Page updated: November 17, 2011
Page reviewed: November 17, 2011
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external