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Volume 14, Number 7—July 2008
Letter

Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase–2, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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To the Editor: The activity of carbapenem has been compromised because of the emergence of carbapenemases (1). Since 1995, carbapenem resistance has been identified among 77 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates and 1 Citrobacter freundii clinical isolate in Argentina (WHONET-Argentina Network). However, until now, none had produced a carbapenemase.

K. pneumoniae carbapenemase-1 (KPC-1) was first detected in a K. pneumoniae strain isolated in North Carolina in 2001 (1). Since that time, several reports of KPCs worldwide have been made, including in South America (1). We report on KPC-2–producing K. pneumoniae and C. freundii clinical isolates in Argentina.

A 36-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus and chronic renal failure was admitted to the Sanatorio Mitre in Buenos Aires in September 2006 for a kidney transplant. Two months after the transplant, intraabdominal collection obtained during a surgical procedure yielded a carbapenem-susceptible Escherichia coli isolate, after which meropenem therapy was initiated (1 g/day). After 16 days of treatment, an infection developed at the patient’s surgical site (per US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria, available from www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/pdf/guidelines/SSI.pdf). C. freundii M9169 and K. pneumoniae M9171 were both isolated from the same specimen obtained from the surgical site. Because carbapenemase production was suspected, carbapenem treatment was stopped, and the infection was treated with local antiseptic and drainage for 20 days; the patient was discharged from the hospital in January 2007. Neither the patient nor her relatives or hospital staff had been in the United States before the emergence of these strains.

By using disk diffusion (2) (Mueller-Hinton agar and disks obtained from Difco and BBL, respectively; Becton, Dickinson and Co., Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA), we determined that K. pneumoniae M9171 was resistant to all antimicrobial drugs except amikacin, tetracycline (3), and tigecycline (US Federal Drug Administration criteria, susceptible >19 mm ). C. freundii M9169 remained susceptible to carbapenems, cefepime, ciprofloxacin, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, and tigecycline but displayed resistance to ceftazidime (CAZ), cefotaxime (CTX), nalidixic acid, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. When tested with an AmpC-type β-lactamase inhibitor (4), both strains showed synergism between 3-aminophenylboronic acid (APB, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) disks and CTX, CAZ, and carbapenems when placed 20 mm apart (center to center). The same synergism was observed for K. pneumoniae D5/07, a reference KPC-2–producing strain (College of American Pathologists Quality Control Assurance Program), but not among E. coli ATCC 25922. A CMY-2–producing K. pneumoniae C2 control strain (5) displayed APB synergism against only CTX and CAZ, not carbapenems.

The MICs of carbapenems (6) (agar dilution), confirmed disk diffusion results showing a >3 doubling-dilution decrease after the addition of APB (300 μg/mL) for K. pneumoniae M9171, C. freundii M9169, and K. pneumoniae D5/07, but not for K. pneumoniae C2 and E. coli ATCC 25922. Clavulanate (4 μg/mL) reduced only meropenem and ertapenem, and imipenem MICs of C. freundii M9169 and K. pneumoniae D5/07, respectively (Table).

Isoelectric focusing (IEF) showed that both isolates produced several β-lactamases (Table), including a common enzyme with ESBL activity (isoelectric point [pI] 6.7 by a substrate-based iodometric method) (7). K. pneumoniae M9171 coproduced another ESBL band at pI 5.4 (7).

Beta-lactamases were characterized by PCR specific for KPC (forward primer 5′-AACAAGGAATATCGTTGATG-3′; reverse primer 5′-AGATGATTTTCAGAGCCTTA-3′), PER-2, SHV, and TEM (7). Both strains were PCR-positive for KPC and TEM. PER-2 and SHV were amplified in K. pneumoniae M9171. Because of the APB inhibition observed, strains were tested for plasmid-mediated AmpC genes (8). The amplicon for the CIT/CMY primers was observed for C. freundii M9169 (expectable cross-amplification with chromosomal AmpC) (Table). KPC-type PCR product (916 bp) obtained from K. pneumoniae M9171 was sequenced and identified as KPC-2 (1).

A wild-type Salmonella clinical isolate (M1744) was chosen for conjugational purpose because it naturally lacks AmpCs . Conjugation resulted in the transfer to M1744 of penicillins and third-generation cephalosporin resistance from both clinical isolates (frequency 10–4 to 10–5, when selected with ampicillin [50 μg/mL] in Salmonella–Shigella medium). Transconjugants showed the acquisition of an ≈70-kb plasmid, which was present in both clinical isolates (9). Transconjugants displayed an APB double-disk augmentation trait, further observed by MIC. Only the KPC enzyme was transferred (unique band at pI 6.7) by IEF, which was confirmed by PCR. The absence of plasmid-mediated AmpC genes was confirmed by PCR (Table). No other resistances to non–β-lactam agents were cotransferred.

Carbapenemase activity of crude extracts was measured at 30°C by following 0.4 mmol/L imipenem or ertapenem hydrolysis at 300 nm in 10 mmol/L HEPES (pH 7.5). Addition of 4 mmol/L APB resulted in inhibition of carbapenemase activity of K. pneumoniae M9171, C. freundii M9169, both transconjugants, and K. pneumoniae D5/07, but not a VIM-11 control run in parallel (10).

This study identified KPC β-lactamase, which was possessed by 2 strains recovered from 1 patient, in Argentina. Detection of this carbapenemase could become cumbersome because carriage of these genes does not always confer obvious resistance. Moreover, an unusual phenotype was observed in this study; boronic inhibition was associated with the sole presence of KPC. Microbiologists should be aware of cross-reactions (synergism) between APB and KPC that could lead to the false assumption of AmpC-type β-lactamase production, thereby underestimating the presence of this carbapenemase.

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Acknowledgment

We are indebted to Martinez-Martinez and Fernandez Canigia for providing K. pneumoniae C2 and K. pneumoniae D5/07 strains, respectively.

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Fernando G. Pasteran*Comments to Author , Luis Otaegui*, Leonor Guerriero*, Gabriel Radice†, Ricardo Maggiora†, Melina Rapoport*, Diego Faccone*, Ana Di Martino†, and Marcelo Galas*
Author affiliations: *Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas–ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbran,” Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; †Sanatorio Trinidad Mitre, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires;

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References

  1. Queenan  AM, Bush  K. Carbapenemases: the versatile beta-lactamases. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2007;20:44058. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute. Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility test: approved standard M2–A9. Wayne (PA): The Institute; 2006.
  3. Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute. Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility test: seventeenth informational supplement M100–S17. Wayne (PA): The Institute; 2007.
  4. Yagi  T, Wachino  J, Kurokawa  H, Suzuki  S, Yamane  K, Doi  Y, Practical methods using boronic acid compounds for identification of class C β-lactamase–producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:25518. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
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  8. Pérez-Pérez  FJ, Hanson  ND. Detection of plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamase genes in clinical isolates by using multiplex PCR. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40:215362. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
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  10. Pasteran  F, Faccone  D, Petroni  A, Rapoport  M, Galas  M, Vázquez  M, Novel variant (blaVIM-11) of the metallo-β-lactamase blaVIM family in a GES–1 extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolate in Argentina. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49:4745. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar

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Cite This Article

DOI: 10.3201/eid1407.070826

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Comments

Please use the form below to submit correspondence to the authors or contact them at the following address:

Fernando G. Pasteran, Servicio Antimicrobianos, Departamento Bacteriologia, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas–ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán,” Av Velez Sarsfield 563 (1282AFF), Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina;

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Page created: July 12, 2010
Page updated: July 12, 2010
Page reviewed: July 12, 2010
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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