Volume 16, Number 12—December 2010
Research
Environmental Sampling for Avian Influenza Virus A (H5N1) in Live-Bird Markets, Indonesia
Table 3
Comparison of exposures in LBMs with AIV (H5N1) environmental contamination and in LBMs with no environmental AI (H5N1) contamination, Indonesia, 2007–2008*
Exposure | No. positive markets, n = 39 | No. negative markets, n = 44 | OR (95% CI) | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|
No. ducks other than Muscovy in LBM | ||||
<11 | 8 | 11 | Reference group | |
11–100 | 12 | 16 | 1.03 (0.32–3.35) | 0.959 |
101–200 | 2 | 2 | 4.13 (0.16–11.95) | 0.773 |
>200 | 10 | 2 | 6.88 (1.17–40.38) | 0.033 |
Muscovy ducks | 28 | 20 | 3.05 (1.22–7.63) | 0.017 |
Pigeons |
11 |
5 |
3.06 (0.96–9.81) |
0.059 |
Clear zoning in LBM | 3 | 10 | 0.28 (0.07–1.11) | 0.072 |
Wooden tables | 23 | 12 | 3.83 (1.53–9.62) | 0.004 |
Slaughtering in LBM | 36 | 34 | 3.53 (0.89–13.93) | 0.072 |
Daily solid waste disposal | 24 | 35 | 0.41 (0.16–1.09) | 0.075 |
Mixing of species in same cage | 13 | 6 | 2.92 (0.98–8.70) | 0.055 |
Cages stacked vertically |
25 |
33 |
0.38 (0.13–1.10) |
0.069 |
Province | ||||
Jakarta | 23 | 8 | Reference group | |
West Java | 25 | 16 | 4.49 (1.62–12.46) | 0.004 |
Banten |
6 |
5 |
3.45 (0.82–14.47) |
0.090 |
Multivariable analysis† | ||||
Clear zoning in LBM | 0.16 (0.03–0.86)‡ | 0.030 | ||
Slaughtering in LBM | 6.43 (1.01–40.82)‡ | 0.048 | ||
Daily solid waste disposal |
0.20 (0.06–0.69)‡ | 0.010 | ||
Province |
||||
Jakarta | Reference group | |||
West Java | 6.83 (2.01–23.19)‡ | 0.002 | ||
Banten | 2.94 (0.59–14.69)‡ | 0.190 |
*LBM, live-bird market; AI, avian influenza; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
†Final model with 4 variables, no. observations = 83, goodness-of-fit tests: residual χ2, p = 0.38; Hosmer and Lemeshow test, p = 0.45.
‡Adjusted OR.
1These authors contributed equally to this article.