Volume 17, Number 10—October 2011
Dispatch
Group B Streptococcus and HIV Infection in Pregnant Women, Malawi, 2008–2010
, George Kafulafula1, Mary Matemba, Mercy Kamdolozi, Gladys Membe, and Neil French
Table 2
Associations with GBS carriage among 340 pregnant women with and without HIV infection, Malawi, 2008–2010*
| Variable | GBS carriage, no. positive for variable/no. total (%) | OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| All study participants | 390/1,857 (21.0) | – | – |
| HIV-negative participants | 313/1,441 (21.7) | Reference | Reference |
| HIV-positive participants | 77/397 (19.4) | 0.88 (0.66–1.17) | 0.84 (0.63–1.12) |
| Age group, y† | |||
| 16–19 | 68/345 (19.7) | 2.29 (0.68–7.76) | 1.41 (0.40–4.92) |
| 20–24 | 122/582 (21.0) | 2.48 (0.74–8.28) | 1.96 (0.58–6.63) |
| 25–29 | 113/498 (22.7) | 2.74 (0.82–9.18) | 2.43 (0.72–8.18) |
| 30–34 | 60/261 (23.0) | 2.79 (0.82–9.48) | 2.59 (0.76–8.88) |
| 35–39 | 24/122 (19.7) | 2.29 (0.64–8.15) | 2.03 (0.56–7.33) |
| >40 | 3/31 (9.7) | Reference | Reference |
| First pregnancy | 137 (24.0) | 1.30 (1.01–1.65) | 1.62 (1.19–2.19) |
| Second or subsequent pregnancy | 244 (19.6) | Reference | Reference |
| Recruited during rainy season | 235 (22.4) | 1.18 (0.94–1.50) | – |
| Recruited during nonrainy season | 155 (19.6) | Reference | – |
| Birth weight <2.5 kg | |||
| No | 307 (21.5) | Reference | – |
| Yes | 71 (19.4) | 0.88 (0.65–1.17) | – |
| Multiple birth | |||
| No | 381 (21.3) | Reference | – |
| Yes | 9 (18.0) | 0.81 (0.34–1.71) | – |
| HIV-positive subgroup‡ | |||
| Antiretroviral treatment | |||
| No | 67 (20.4) | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 15 (18.1) | 0.91 (0.45–1.75) | 1.14 (0.58–2.26)§ |
| CD4 cell count/mm3¶ | |||
| <200 | 9 (14.1) | Reference | Reference |
| 200–499 | 34 (17.2) | 1.27 (0.57–2.81) | 1.30 (0.58–2.92)§ |
| >500 | 33 (28.2) | 2.40 (1.07–5.41) | 2.55 (1.10–5.90)
*GBS, group B streptococcus; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; –, not applicable. Adjusted OR derived from logistic regression by use of backward stepwise approach. Final model retained variables with p value <0.1 along with age group and parity because of their known association with GBS carriage. *GBS, group B streptococcus; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; –, not applicable. Adjusted OR derived from logistic regression by use of backward stepwise approach. Final model retained variables with p value <0.1 along with age group and parity because of their known association with GBS carriage. |
*GBS, group B streptococcus; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; –, not applicable. Adjusted OR derived from logistic regression by use of backward stepwise approach. Final model retained variables with p value <0.1 along with age group and parity because of their known association with GBS carriage.
†χ2 test for linear trend, p = 0.93.
‡χ2 test for linear trend, p = 0.01.
§Adjusted model includes age group, first pregnancy vs. second or subsequent pregnancies; antiretroviral treatment, and CD4 count for the HIV-positive subgroup.
¶19 participants had no CD4 count available.
1Deceased.