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Volume 17, Number 4—April 2011
Research

Diarrheagenic Pathogens in Polymicrobial Infections

Brianna Lindsay1, T. Ramamurthy1, Sourav Sen Gupta, Yoshifumi Takeda, Krishnan Rajendran, G. Balakrish Nair, and O. Colin StineComments to Author 
Author affiliations: Author affiliations: University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (B. Lindsay, O.C. Stine); National Institute for Cholera and Enteric Disease, Kolkata, India (T. Ramamurthy, S. Sen Gupta, Y. Takeda, K. Rajendran, G.B. Nair)

Main Article

Table 2

Effect of covariates on gastrointestinal pathogen associations*

Pathogens Covariate
Age Season Gender Residence Religion After adjusting for effects
Vibrio cholerae/rotavirus
 Confounder
 Interaction
 No effect
 No effect
 No effect
 Significant except for age strata 5–15 y
V. cholerae/adenovirus
 Confounder
 No effect
 No effect
 No effect
 No effect
 Significant when regression adjusted for age and season (OR 0.36, 95% CI 0.21–0.64)
V. cholerae/Cryptosporidium spp.
 Confounder
 Confounder
 Interaction
 No effect
 No effect
 Significant for female, not male patients; small stratified cell sizes
V. cholerae/Giardia lamblia
 Interaction
 Confounder
 No effect
 Interaction
 No effect
 Significant for some age categories
V. cholerae/Shigella spp.
 Interaction
 No effect
 No effect
 No effect
 No effect
 Significant for ages >2 y and all seasons
V. cholerae/ETEC
 No effect
 Interaction
 No effect
 No effect
 No effect
 Significant for summer and monsoon seasons
Rotavirus/adenovirus
 Interaction
 Interaction
 No effect
 No effect
 No effect
 Significant for all seasons and all age strata except <1 y
Rotavirus/Cryptosporidium spp.
 Confounder
 Confounder
 No effect
 No effect
 No effect
 Significant when regression adjusted for age and season (OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.11–2.41)
Rotavirus/EAEC
 Confounder
 No effect
 No effect
 No effect
 Interaction
 Not significant when regression adjusted for age and season (OR 1.38, 95% CI 0.94–2.01); significant for age strata 2–5 y; all seasons significant
Rotavirus/Shigella spp. Confounder Confounder No effect No effect No effect Significant when regression adjusted for age and season (OR 0.24, 95% CI 0.14–0.44)

*Interaction identified using Breslow-Day test for homogeneity, p<0.05. Considered statistically significant at p<0.05. OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; ETEC, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli; EAEC, enteroaggregative E. coli.

Main Article

1These authors contributed equally to this article.

Page created: July 25, 2011
Page updated: July 25, 2011
Page reviewed: July 25, 2011
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