Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 17, Number 5—May 2011
Research

Evolution of New Genotype of West Nile Virus in North America

Allison R. McMullen, Fiona J. May, Li Li, Hilda Guzman, Rudy Bueno, James A. Dennett, Robert B. Tesh, and Alan D.T. BarrettComments to Author 
Author affiliations: Author affiliations: University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (A.R. McMullen, F.J. May, L. Li, H. Guzman, R.B. Tesh, A.D.T. Barrett); Harris County Public Health and Environmental Services, Houston, Texas, USA (R. Bueno, Jr., J.A. Dennett)

Main Article

Figure 1

Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree of Upper Texas Gulf Coast, USA, West Nile virus isolates, 2002–2009. The tree was inferred from open reading frame sequences of 33 Upper Texas Gulf Coast isolates and NY99 by using PhyML (17) and rooted with IS-98 STD. The outgroup has been removed. Bootstrap values are for 1,000 replicates and only values >500 are shown. Groups 1–3 were previously identified by May et al. (12). Red, isolates sequenced in this study. Scale bar indicates nucleotide substitu

Figure 1. Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree of Upper Texas Gulf Coast, USA, West Nile virus isolates, 2002–2009. The tree was inferred from open reading frame sequences of 33 Upper Texas Gulf Coast isolates and NY99 by using PhyML (17) and rooted with IS-98 STD. The outgroup has been removed. Bootstrap values are for 1,000 replicates and only values >500 are shown. Groups 1–3 were previously identified by May et al. (12). Red, isolates sequenced in this study. Scale bar indicates nucleotide substitutions per site.

Main Article

References
  1. Hayes  EB, Gubler  DJ. West Nile virus: epidemiology and clinical features of an emerging epidemic in the United States. Annu Rev Med. 2006;57:181–94. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Le Guenno  B, Bougermouh  A, Azzam  T, Bouakaz  R. West Nile: a deadly virus? Lancet. 1996;348:1315. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Lvov  DK, Butenko  AM, Gromashevsky  VL, Larichev  VP, Gaidamovich  SY, Vyshemirsky  OI, Isolation of two strains of West Nile virus during an outbreak in southern Russia, 1999. Emerg Infect Dis. 2000;6:373–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Tsai  TF, Popovici  F, Cernescu  C, Campbell  GL, Nedelcu  NI. West Nile encephalitis epidemic in southeastern Romania. Lancet. 1998;352:767–71. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Davis  CT, Ebel  GD, Lanciotti  RS, Brault  AC, Guzman  H, Siirin  M, Phylogenetic analysis of North American West Nile virus isolates, 2001–2004: evidence for the emergence of a dominant genotype. Virology. 2005;342:252–65. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Ebel  GD, Carricaburu  J, Young  D, Bernard  KA, Kramer  LD. Genetic and phenotypic variation of West Nile virus in New York, 2000–2003. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2004;71:493–500.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Moudy  RM, Meola  MA, Morin  LL, Ebel  GD, Kramer  LD. A newly emergent genotype of West Nile virus is transmitted earlier and more efficiently by Culex mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007;77:365–70.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Vanlandingham  DL, McGee  CE, Klingler  KA, Galbraith  SE, Barrett  ADT, Higgs  S. Comparison of oral infectious dose of West Nile virus isolates representing three distinct genotypes in Culex quinquefasciatus. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008;79:951–4.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Beasley  DW, Davis  CT, Guzman  H, Vanlandingham  DL, Travassos da Rosa  AP, Parsons  RE, Limited evolution of West Nile virus has occurred during its southwesterly spread in the United States. Virology. 2003;309:190–5. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Davis  CT, Beasley  DW, Guzman  H, Siirin  M, Parsons  RE, Tesh  RB, Emergence of attenuated West Nile virus variants in Texas, 2003. Virology. 2004;330:342–50. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Davis  CT, Galbraith  SE, Zhang  S, Whiteman  MC, Li  L, Kinney  RM, A combination of naturally occurring mutations in North American West Nile virus nonstructural protein genes and in the 3′ untranslated region alters virus phenotype. J Virol. 2007;81:6111–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. May  FJ, Li  L, Davis  CT, Galbraith  SE, Barrett  ADT. Multiple pathways to the attenuation of West Nile virus in south-east Texas in 2003. Virology. 2010;405:8–14. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. Davis  CT, Li  L, May  FJ, Bueno  R Jr, Dennett  JA, Bala  AA, Genetic stasis of dominant West Nile virus genotype, Houston, Texas. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13:601–4. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. Snapinn  KW, Holmes  EC, Young  DS, Bernard  KA, Kramer  LD, Ebel  GD. Declining growth rate of West Nile virus in North America. J Virol. 2007;81:2531–4. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Gouy  M, Guindon  S, Gascuel  O. SeaView Version 4: A multiplatform graphical user interface for sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree building. Mol Biol Evol. 2010;27:221–4. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. Felsenstein  J. PHYLIP–Phylogeny Inference Package (Version 3.2). Cladistics. 1989;5:164–6.
  17. Guindon  S, Gascuel  O. A simple, fast, and accurate algorithm to estimate large phylogenies by maximum likelihood. Syst Biol. 2003;52:696–704. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. Posada  D, Crandall  KA. MODELTEST: testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics. 1998;14:817–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. Swofford  DL. PAUP*: phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (and other methods). Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates; 1998.
  20. Kosakovsky Pond  SL, Posada  D, Gravenor  MB, Woelk  CH, Frost  SD. Automated phylogenetic detection of recombination using a genetic algorithm. Mol Biol Evol. 2006;23:1891–901. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. Delport  W, Poon  AFY, Frost  SD, Kosakovsky Pond  SL. Datamonkey 2010: a suite of phylogenetic analysis tools for evolutionary biology. Bioinformatics. 2010;26:2455–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. Pond  SLK, Frost  SDW. Datamonkey: rapid detection of selective pressure on individual sites of codon alignments. Bioinformatics. 2005;21:2531–3. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. Kosakovsky Pond  SL, Frost  SD. Not so different after all: a comparison of methods for detecting amino acid sites under selection. Mol Biol Evol. 2005;22:1208–22. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. Poon  AF, Kosakovsky Pond  SL, Bennett  P, Richman  DD, Leigh Brown  AJ, Frost  SDW. Adaptation to human populations is revealed by within-host polymorphisms in HIV-1 and hepatitis C virus. PLoS Pathog. 2007;3:e45. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  25. Hall  TA. BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series. 1999;41:95–8.
  26. Grinev  A, Daniel  S, Stramer  S, Rossmann  S, Caglioti  S, Rios  M. Genetic variability of West Nile virus in US blood donors, 2002–2005. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14:436–44. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  27. Herring  BL, Bernardin  F, Caglioti  S, Stramer  S, Tobler  L, Andrews  W, Phylogenetic analysis of WNV in North American blood donors during the 2003–2004 epidemic seasons. Virology. 2007;363:220–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  28. Deardorff  E, Estrada-Franco  J, Brault  AC, Navarro-Lopez  R, Campomanes-Cortes  A, Paz-Ramirez  P, Introductions of West Nile virus strains to Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12:314–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  29. Tang  Y, Liu  B, Hapip  CA, Xu  D, Fang  CT. Genetic analysis of West Nile virus isolates from US blood donors during 2002–2005. J Clin Virol. 2008;43:292–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  30. Lanciotti  RS, Ebel  GD, Deubel  V, Kerst  AJ, Murri  S, Meyer  R, Complete genome sequences and phylogenetic analysis of West Nile virus strains isolated from the United States, Europe, and the Middle East. Virology. 2002;298:96–105. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  31. Bertolotti  L, Kitron  U, Goldberg  TL. Diversity and evolution of West Nile virus in Illinois and the United States, 2002–2005. Virology. 2007;360:143–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  32. Bertolotti  L, Kitron  UD, Walker  ED, Ruiz  MO, Brawn  JD, Loss  SR, Fine-scale genetic variation and evolution of West Nile virus in a transmission “hot spot” in suburban Chicago, USA. Virology. 2008;374:381–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  33. Amore  G, Bertolotti  L, Hamer  GL, Kitron  UD, Walker  ED, Ruiz  MO, Multi-year evolutionary dynamics of West Nile virus in suburban Chicago, USA, 2005–2007. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2010;365:1871–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  34. Brault  AC, Huang  CY, Langevin  SA, Kinney  RM, Bowen  RA, Ramey  WN, A single positively selected West Nile viral mutation confers increased virogenesis in American crows. Nat Genet. 2007;39:1162–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar

Main Article

Page created: August 14, 2011
Page updated: August 14, 2011
Page reviewed: August 14, 2011
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external