TY - JOUR AU - Shanmuganatham, Karthik AU - Feeroz, Mohammed AU - Jones-Engel, Lisa AU - Smith, Gavin J.D. AU - Fourment, Mathieu AU - Walker, David AU - McClenaghan, Laura AU - Alam, S.M. Rabiul AU - Hasan, M. Kamrul AU - Seiler, Patrick AU - Franks, John AU - Danner, Angie AU - Barman, Subrata AU - McKenzie, Pamela AU - Krauss, Scott AU - Webby, Richard AU - Webster, Robert T1 - Antigenic and Molecular Characterization of Avian Influenza A(H9N2) Viruses, Bangladesh T2 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal PY - 2013 VL - 19 IS - 9 SP - 1393 SN - 1080-6059 AB - Human infection with avian influenza A(H9N2) virus was identified in Bangladesh in 2011. Surveillance for influenza viruses in apparently healthy poultry in live-bird markets in Bangladesh during 2008–2011 showed that subtype H9N2 viruses are isolated year-round, whereas highly pathogenic subtype H5N1 viruses are co-isolated with subtype H9N2 primarily during the winter months. Phylogenetic analysis of the subtype H9N2 viruses showed that they are reassortants possessing 3 gene segments related to subtype H7N3; the remaining gene segments were from the subtype H9N2 G1 clade. We detected no reassortment with subtype H5N1 viruses. Serologic analyses of subtype H9N2 viruses from chickens revealed antigenic conservation, whereas analyses of viruses from quail showed antigenic drift. Molecular analysis showed that multiple mammalian-specific mutations have become fixed in the subtype H9N2 viruses, including changes in the hemagglutinin, matrix, and polymerase proteins. Our results indicate that these viruses could mutate to be transmissible from birds to mammals, including humans. KW - influenza KW - avian influenza (H9N2) viruses KW - viruses KW - H9N2 KW - H5N1 KW - H7N3 KW - molecular characterization KW - reassortants KW - Bangladesh KW - zoonoses KW - transmission KW - avian influenza A(H9N2) viruses KW - avian influenza KW - respiratory infections DO - 10.3201/eid1909.130336 UR - https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/19/9/13-0336_article ER - End of Reference