Volume 20, Number 1—January 2014
CME ACTIVITY - Research
Raw Milk Consumption among Patients with Non–Outbreak-related Enteric Infections, Minnesota, USA, 2001–2010
Table 2
Number of sporadic illnesses resulting from raw milk consumption, as estimated by using underdiagnosis multipliers, Minnesota, 2001–2010
Pathogen | No. laboratory-confirmed cases | Multiplier to account for underdiagnosis (18) | Estimated no. actual cases |
---|---|---|---|
Campylobacter spp. |
407 |
30.3 |
12,332 |
Cryptosporidium spp. |
53 |
98.6 |
5,226 |
Escherichia coli O157 |
19 |
26.1 |
496 |
Non-O157 Shiga toxin–producing E. coli |
12 |
106.8 |
1,282 |
Salmonella spp. |
39 |
29.9 |
1,166 |
Total | 530 | – | 20,502 |
References
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Human tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis—New York City, 2001–2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005;54:605–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni infections associated with drinking unpasteurized milk procured through a cow-leasing program—Wisconsin, 2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2002;51:548–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Guh A, Phan Q, Nelson R, Purviance K, Milardo E, Kinney S, Outbreak of Escherichia coli O157 associated with raw milk, Connecticut, 2008. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;51:1411–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Multistate outbreak of Salmonella serotype Typhimurium infections associated with drinking unpasteurized milk—Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and Tennessee, 2002–2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2003;52:613–5.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Denny J, Bhat M, Eckman K. Outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 associated with raw milk consumption in the Pacific Northwest. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2008;5:321–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Harper CM, Cowell NA, Adams BC, Langley AJ, Wohlsen TD. Outbreak of Cryptosporidium linked to drinking unpasteurised milk. Commun Dis Intell Q Rep. 2002;26:449–50.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Osterholm MT, MacDonald KL, White KE, Wells JG, Spika JS, Potter ME, An outbreak of a newly recognized chronic diarrhea syndrome associated with raw milk consumption. JAMA. 1986;256:484–90. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Multi-state outbreak of yersiniosis. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1982;31:505–6.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Headrick ML, Korangy S, Bean NH, Angulo FJ, Altekruse SF, Potter ME, The epidemiology of raw milk–associated foodborne disease outbreaks reported in the United States, 1973 through 1992. Am J Public Health. 1998;88:1219–21. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Lejeune JT, Rajala-Schultz PJ. Unpasteurized milk: a continued public health threat. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48:93–100. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Food safety. Raw milk questions and answers. 2013 [cited 2013 Apr 22]. http://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/rawmilk/raw-milk-questions-and-answers.html
- Langer AJ, Ayers T, Grass J, Lynch M, Angulo FJ, Mahon BE. Nonpasteurized dairy products, disease outbreaks, and state laws—United States, 1993–2006. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18:385–91. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) population survey atlas of exposures. 2006–2007 [cited 2012 May 1]. http://www.cdc.gov/foodnet/surveys/FoodNetExposureAtlas0607_508.pdf
- Katafiasz AR, Bartlett P. Motivation for unpasteurized milk consumption in Michigan, 2011. Food Protection Trends. 2012;32:124–8.
- Leedom JM. Milk of nonhuman origin and infectious diseases in humans. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:610–5. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Jay-Russell MT. Raw (unpasteurized) milk: are health-conscious consumers making an unhealthy choice? Clin Infect Dis. 2010;51:1418–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vital signs: incidence and trends of infection with pathogens transmitted commonly through food–foodborne diseases active surveillance network, 10 US sites, 1996–2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011;60:749–55.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Scallan E, Hoekstra RM, Angulo FJ, Tauxe RV, Widdowson MA, Roy SL, Foodborne illness acquired in the United States—major pathogens. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17:7–15.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- National Association of State Departments of Agriculture. NASDA releases raw milk survey. 2011 [cited 2012 March 2]. http://www.nasda.org/file.aspx?id=3916
- Minnesota Statutes 2013, section 32.393, subdivision 1. Pasteurization. 2013 [cited 2013 May 1] https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/?id=32.393
- Minnesota Department of Health. Communicable disease rule, chapter 4605. 2012 May 29 [cited 2013 May 1]. http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/idepc/dtopics/reportable/rule/rule.html
- Tserenpuntsag B, Chang HG, Smith PF, Morse DL. Hemolytic uremic syndrome risk and Escherichia coli O157:H7. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11:1955–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Bradley J, Pickering LK, Jareb J. Advise families against giving children unpasteurized milk. AAP News. 2008 Dec 2. 2008;29:29.
- Jayarao BM, Donaldson SC, Straley BA, Sawant AA, Hegde NV, Brown JL. A survey of foodborne pathogens in bulk tank milk and raw milk consumption among farm families in Pennsylvania. J Dairy Sci. 2006;89:2451–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hoe FG, Ruegg PL. Opinions and practices of Wisconsin dairy producers about biosecurity and animal well-being. J Dairy Sci. 2006;89:2297–308. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Kassenborg HD, Hedberg CW, Hoekstra M, Evans MC, Chin AE, Marcus R, Farm visits and undercooked hamburgers as major risk factors for sporadic Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection: data from a case-control study in 5 FoodNet sites. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38(Suppl 3):S271–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Wood RC, MacDonald KL, Osterholm MT. Campylobacter enteritis outbreaks associated with drinking raw milk during youth activities. A 10-year review of outbreaks in the United States. JAMA. 1992;268:3228–30. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Friedman CR, Hoekstra RM, Samuel M, Marcus R, Bender J, Shiferaw B, Risk factors for sporadic Campylobacter infection in the United States: a case-control study in FoodNet sites. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38(Suppl 3):S285–96. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hedberg CW, Smith KE, Besser JM, Boxrud DJ, Hennessy TW, Bender JB, Limitations of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for the routine surveillance of Campylobacter infections. J Infect Dis. 2001;184:242–4. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Santín M, Trout JM, Fayer R. A longitudinal study of cryptosporidiosis in dairy cattle from birth to 2 years of age. Vet Parasitol. 2008;155:15–23. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Yoder JS, Beach MJ. Cryptosporidium surveillance and risk factors in the United States. Exp Parasitol. 2010;124:31–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Thomson MA, Benson JW, Wright PA. Two year study of Cryptosporidium infection. Arch Dis Child. 1987;62:559–63. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Fretz R, Svoboda P, Ryan UM, Thompson RC, Tanners M, Baumgartner A. Genotyping of Cryptosporidium spp. isolated from human stool samples in Switzerland. Epidemiol Infect. 2003;131:663–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Pangloli P, Dje Y, Ahmed O, Doane CA, Oliver SP, Draughon FA. Seasonal incidence and molecular characterization of Salmonella from dairy cows, calves, and farm environment. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2008;5:87–96. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hussein HS, Bollinger LM. Prevalence of Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli in beef cattle. J Food Prot. 2005;68:2224–41.PubMedGoogle Scholar