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Volume 20, Number 3—March 2014
Letter

Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Urban Hedgehogs

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To the Editor: Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis is a member of the order Rickettsiales, family Anaplasmataceae (1). Manifestations of infection with these bacteria are atypical and severe and include cough, nausea, vomiting, anemia, headache, pulmonary infiltration, malaise, myalgia, arthralgia, fatigue, recurrent fever for ≤8 months, and/or death (25). Candidatus N. mikurensis has been detected in Ixodes ovatus, I. persulcatus, and Haemaphysalis concinna ticks in Asia (1,5).

Candidatus N. mikurensis has been identified as one of the most prevalent pathogenic agents in I. ricinus ticks throughout Europe (2,3,6). Rodents of diverse species and geographic origins have been shown to carry these bacteria, but transmission experiments have not been conducted to unambiguously identify natural vertebrate reservoirs (13,57). This emerging tickborne pathogen has been detected mainly in immunocompromised patients in Sweden (n = 1), Switzerland (n = 3), Germany (n = 2), and the Czech Republic (n = 2) and in immunocompetent patients in China (n = 7) (25).

Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate, intracellular, tickborne bacterium of the family Anaplasmataceae and causes granulocytic anaplasmosis in humans and domestic animals. In Europe, I. ricinus ticks are its major vector, and red deer, roe deer, rodents, and European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) are suspected reservoir hosts (8).

Northern white-breasted hedgehogs (Erinaceus roumanicus) are urban-dwelling mammals (order Eulipotyphla, family Erinaceidae) that serve as major maintenance hosts for the 3 stages of I. ricinus ticks (9). However, E. roumanicus hedgehogs have not been studied for their ability to carry A. phagocytophilum. In addition, no suspected reservoirs other than rodents have been investigated for Candidatus N. mikurensis. The purpose of this study was to determine whether this hedgehog is a potential reservoir of these 2 bacteria.

We conducted an ecoepidemiologic study during 2009–2011 to obtain information about ticks and tickborne pathogens of urban hedgehogs in a park on Margaret Island in central Budapest, Hungary (9). Ear tissue samples were obtained from hedgehogs anesthetized with intramuscular ketamine (5 mg/kg) and dexmedetomidine (50 µg/kg).

DNA was extracted from samples by using the QIAamp DNA Mini Kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) or the Miniprep Express Matrix protocol (MP Biomedicals, Santa Ana, CA, USA). We used quantitative real-time PCRs that partially amplify the heat shock protein gene (groEL) of Candidatus N. mikurensis and the merozoite surface protein 2 gene (msp2) of A. phagocytophilum (3). PCR was performed in a 20-μL volume containing iQ Multiplex Powermix (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA) in a LightCycler 480 Real-Time PCR System (F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland). Final PCR concentrations were 1× iQ Powermix, 250 nmol/L of primers ApMSP2F and ApMSP2R, 125 nmol/L of probe ApMSP2P-FAM, 250 nmol/L of primers NMikGroEL-F2a and NMikGroEL-R2b, 250 nmol/L of probe NMikGroEL-P2a-RED, and 3 μL of template DNA.

To confirm quantitative PCR results, we performed conventional PCRs in a Px2 Thermal Cycler (Thermo Electron Corporation, Waltham, MA, USA) on selected PCR-positive samples for both pathogens (3). Sequences obtained were submitted to GenBank under accession nos. KF803997 (groEL gene of Candidatus N. mikurensis) and KF803998 (groEL gene of A. phagocytophilum).

Candidatus N. mikurensis was detected in 2 (2.3%) of 88 hedgehog tissue samples. Formerly, rodents were the only wild mammals found to act as potential reservoirs for this pathogen. Results of studies that attempted to detect these bacteria in common shrews (Sorex araneus), greater white-toothed shrews (Crocidura russula) (2,3), or common moles (Talpa europaea) (2) were negative. However, our results indicate that northern white-breasted hedgehogs might be a non-rodent reservoir for Candidatus N. mikurensis.

The low pathogen prevalence observed in this urban hedgehog population compared with that in rodents in other locations (2,3) might be caused by use of skin samples. Skin samples from rodents showed only 1.1% positivity in a study in Germany; however, average prevalence of Candidatus N. mikurensis in transudate, spleen, kidney, and liver samples from the same animals was 37.8%–51.1% (2). Although we did not test other organs, we hypothesize that prevalence of Candidatus N. mikurensis infection urban hedgehogs is probably >2.3%.

We detected A. phagocytophilum in 67 (76.1%) of 88 urban hedgehogs. This prevalence was similar to that found among European hedgehogs in Germany (8). I. ricinus ticks are more common than I. hexagonus ticks in this urban hedgehog population (9). Thus, I. ricinus ticks can acquire these bacteria when feeding on hedgehogs and the risk for human infection with A. phagocytophilum in this park in Budapest is relatively high.

Neoehrlichiosis and granulocytic anaplasmosis have not been diagnosed in humans in Hungary. This finding is probably caused by diagnostic difficulties rather than absence of these pathogens in the environment. Infection with Candidatus N. mikurensis and A. phagocytophilum cause predominantly noncharacteristic symptoms. Laboratory cultivation and serologic detection of Candidatus N. mikurensis has not been successful, and this pathogen has not been identified in blood smears. Thus, accurate diagnosis of suspected cases requires suitable molecular methods.

Parks can be considered points of contact for reservoir animals, pathogens, ticks, and humans. Our results indicate that E. roumanicus hedgehogs play a role in urban ecoepidemiology of ≥2 emerging human pathogens. To better understand the urban cycle of these pathogens, potential reservoir hosts, ticks collected from these hosts, and vegetation in parks should be investigated.

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Acknowledgments

We thank the Middle Danube Valley Inspectorate for Environmental Protection, Nature Conservation and Water Management, Hungary, for approving capturing and anesthetizing of hedgehogs and sample collection.

This study was partially supported by European Union grant FP7-261504 EDENext and was cataloged by the EDENext Steering Committee as EDENext148 (www.ede.next.eu). G.F. was supported by the János Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and an NKB grant from the Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University. E.C.C. and H.S. were supported by EurNegVec Cost Action TD1303.

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Gábor FöldváriComments to Author , Setareh Jahfari, Krisztina Rigó, Mónika Jablonszky, Sándor Szekeres, Gábor Majoros, Mária Tóth, Viktor Molnár, Elena C. Coipan, and Hein Sprong
Author affiliations: Szent István University, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Budapest, Hungary (G. Földvári, K. Rigó, M. Jablonszky, S. Szekeres, G. Majoros, V. Molnár); National Institute of Public Health and Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands (S. Jahfari, E.C. Coipan, H. Sprong); Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest (M. Tóth); Budapest Zoo and Botanical Garden, Budapest (V. Molnár)

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References

  1. Kawahara  M, Rikihisa  Y, Isogai  E, Takahashi  M, Misumi  H, Suto  C, Ultrastructure and phylogenic analysis of ‘Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis’ in the family Anaplasmataceae, isolated from wild rats and found in Ixodes ovatus ticks. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2004;54:183743 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
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  3. Jahfari  S, Fonville  M, Hengeveld  P, Reusken  C, Scholte  EJ, Takken  W, Prevalence of Neoehrlichia mikurensis in ticks and rodents from North-west Europe. Parasit Vectors. 2012;5:74.
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  8. Silaghi  C, Skuballa  J, Thiel  C, Pfister  K, Petney  T, Pfäffle  M, The European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus): a suitable reservoir for variants of Anaplasma phagocytophilum? Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2012;3:49–54.
  9. Földvári  G, Rigó  K, Jablonszky  M, Biró  N, Majoros  G, Molnár  V, Ticks and the city: ectoparasites of the northern white-breasted hedgehog (Erinaceus roumanicus) in an urban park. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2011;2:231–4.

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Cite This Article

DOI: 10.3201/eid2003.130935

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Gábor Földvári, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, 2 István St, Budapest H-1078, HungaryGábor Földvári, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, 2 István St, Budapest H-1078, Hungary

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Page created: February 20, 2014
Page updated: February 20, 2014
Page reviewed: February 20, 2014
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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