Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 21, Number 7—July 2015
Dispatch

Swine Influenza A(H3N2) Virus Infection in Immunocompromised Man, Italy, 2014

Antonio Piralla, Ana Moreno, Maria Ester Orlandi, Elena Percivalle, Chiara Chiapponi, Fausto Vezzoli, Fausto BaldantiComments to Author , and the Influenza Surveillance Study Group
Author affiliations: Fondazione Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy (A. Piralla, M.E. Orlandi, E. Percivalle, F. Baldanti); Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy (A. Moreno); Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna, Parma, Italy (C. Chiapponi); Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna, Lodi, Italy (F. Vezzoli)

Main Article

Figure 2

Amino acid sequence alignment of the hemagglutinin protein of swine influenza virus (SIV) (H3N2) strain A/Pavia/07/2014 (bold) and other SIVs. Antigenic sites A, B, C, D, and E of H3 HA are highlighted in green, magenta, blue, gray, and yellow, respectively, as proposed by others (11). Amino acid changes with respect to the A/Aichi/2/1968 strain are indicated for each strain.

Figure 2. Amino acid sequence alignment of the hemagglutinin protein of swine influenza virus (SIV) (H3N2) strain A/Pavia/07/2014 (bold) and other SIVs. Antigenic sites A, B, C, D, and E of H3 HA are highlighted in green, magenta, blue, gray, and yellow, respectively, as proposed by others (11). Amino acid changes with respect to the A/Aichi/2/1968 strain are indicated for each strain.

Main Article

References
  1. Zell  R, Scholtissek  C, Ludwig  S. Genetics, evolution, and the zoonotic capacity of European swine influenza viruses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2013;370:29–55. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Myers  KP, Olsen  CW, Gray  GC. Cases of swine influenza in humans: a review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:1084–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Krumbholz  A, Lange  J, Dürrwald  R, Walther  M, Muller  TH, Kuhnel  D, Prevalence of antibodies to European porcine influenza viruses in humans living in high pig density areas of Germany. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl). 2014;203:13–24. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Gerloff  NA, Kremer  JR, Charpentier  E, Sausy  A, Olinger  CM, Weicherding  P, Swine influenza virus antibodies in humans, western Europe, 2009. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17:403–11. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Piralla  A, Baldanti  F, Gerna  G. Phylogenetic patterns of human respiratory picornavirus species, including the newly identified group C rhinoviruses, during a 1-year surveillance of a hospitalized patient population in Italy. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49:373–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. World Health Organization. CDC protocol of realtime RTPCR for influenza A(H1N1). 2009 Oct 6 [cited 2009 Dec 15]. http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/swineflu/CDCRealtimeRTPCR_SwineH1Assay-2009_20090430.pdf
  7. Hoffmann  E, Stech  J, Guan  Y, Webster  RG, Perez  DR. Universal primer set for the full-length amplification of all influenza A viruses. Arch Virol. 2001;146:2275–89. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Lycett  SJ, Baillie  G, Coulter  E, Bhatt  S, Kellam  P, McCauley  JW, Estimating reassortment rates in co-circulating Eurasian swine influenza viruses. J Gen Virol. 2012;93:2326–36. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Guindon  S, Dufayard  JF, Lefort  V, Anisimova  M, Hordijk  W, Gascuel  O. New algorithms and methods to estimate maximum-likelihood phylogenies: assessing the performance of PhyML 3.0. Syst Biol. 2010;59:307–21. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Tamura  K, Peterson  D, Peterson  N, Stecher  G, Nei  M, Kumar  S. MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol Biol Evol. 2011;28:2731–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Tharakaraman  K, Raman  R, Stebbins  NW, Viswanathan  K, Sasisekharan  V, Sasisekharan  R. Antigenically intact hemagglutinin in circulating avian and swine influenza viruses and potential for H3N2 pandemic. Sci Rep. 2013;3:1822.
  12. World Organisation for Animal Health. Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals. Chapter 2.08.08. Swine influenza [cited 2014 Jun 6]. http://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahm/2.08.08_SWINE_INFLUENZA.pdf
  13. Castrucci  MR, Donatelli  I, Sidoli  L, Barigazzi  G, Kawaoka  Y, Webster  RG. Genetic reassortant between avian and human influenza a viruses in Italian pigs. Virology. 1993;193:503–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. Epperson  S, Jhung  M, Richards  S, Quinlisk  P, Ball  L, Moll  M, Human infections with influenza A(H3N2) variant virus in the United States, 2011–2012. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57(Suppl 1):S4–11. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Piralla  A, Gozalo-Margüello  M, Fiorina  L, Rovida  F, Muzzi  A, Colombo  AA, Different drug-resistant influenza A(H3N2) variants in two immunocompromised patients treated with oseltamivir during the 2011–2012 influenza season in Italy. J Clin Virol. 2013;58:132–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar

Main Article

1Members of the Influenza Surveillance Study Group who contributed data are listed at the end of this article.

Page created: June 15, 2015
Page updated: June 15, 2015
Page reviewed: June 15, 2015
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external