Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 24, Number 3—March 2018
Research

Major Threat to Malaria Control Programs by Plasmodium falciparum Lacking Histidine-Rich Protein 2, Eritrea

Araia Berhane, Karen F. Anderson, Selam Mihreteab, Karryn Gresty, Eric Rogier, Salih Mohamed, Filmon Hagos, Ghirmay Embaye, Anderson Chinorumba, Assefash Zehaie, Simone Dowd, Norman C. Waters, Michelle L. Gatton, Venkatachalam Udhayakumar, Qin ChengComments to Author , and Jane Cunningham
Author affiliations: Ministry of Health, Asmara, Eritrea (A. Berhane, S. Mihreteab, S. Mohamed, F. Hagos, G. Embaye); Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (K. Anderson, K. Gresty, S. Dowd, Q. Cheng); QIMR–Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane (K. Anderson, K. Gresty, S. Dowd, Q. Cheng); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (E. Rogier, V. Udhayakumar); World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland (A. Chinorumba, J. Cunningham); World Health Organization, Asmara (A. Zehaie); Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (N.C. Waters); Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (M.L. Gatton)

Main Article

Figure 5

Genetic relatedness among Plasmodium falciparum parasite populations in Eritrea differing in pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 status (A) and comparison of parasite populations from Eritrea and Peru (B). Plots were produced by using Phyloviz software (24) at a cutoff value of 2 (minimum differences for 2 loci). Numbered circles indicate specific haplotypes. Circle sizes indicate number of samples with a particular haplotype. pfhrp, P. falciparum histidine-rich protein; – negative; +, positive.

Figure 5. Genetic relatedness among Plasmodium falciparum parasite populations in Eritrea differing in pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 gene status (A) and comparison of parasite populations from Eritrea and Peru (B). Plots were produced by using Phyloviz software (24) at a cutoff value of 2 (minimum differences for 2 loci). Numbered circles indicate specific haplotypes. Circle sizes indicate number of samples with a particular haplotype. pfhrp, P. falciparum histidine-rich protein; – negative; +, positive.

Main Article

References
  1. Nyarango  PM, Gebremeskel  T, Mebrahtu  G, Mufunda  J, Abdulmumini  U, Ogbamariam  A, et al. A steep decline of malaria morbidity and mortality trends in Eritrea between 2000 and 2004: the effect of combination of control methods. Malar J. 2006;5:33. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Barat  LM. Four malaria success stories: how malaria burden was successfully reduced in Brazil, Eritrea, India, and Vietnam. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2006;74:126.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. World Health Organization. World malaria report 2016 [cited 2017 Nov 29]. http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world-malaria-report-2016/report/en/
  4. Berhane  A. Changing pettern of P. vivax malaria in Eritrea: implication for the national malaria control. Journal of the Eritrean Medical Association. 2011;1:1720.
  5. World Health Organization. WHO Global Malaria Programme Information note on recommended selection criteria for procurement of malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), 2012 [cited 2017 Nov 29]. http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/rdt-selection-criteria.pdf
  6. Berhane  A, Russom  M, Bahta  I, Hagos  F, Ghirmai  M, Uqubay  S. Rapid diagnostic tests failing to detect Plasmodium falciparum infections in Eritrea: an investigation of reported false negative RDT results. Malar J. 2017;16:105. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Gamboa  D, Ho  MF, Bendezu  J, Torres  K, Chiodini  PL, Barnwell  JW, et al. A large proportion of P. falciparum isolates in the Amazon region of Peru lack pfhrp2 and pfhrp3: implications for malaria rapid diagnostic tests. PLoS One. 2010;5:e8091. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Murillo Solano  C, Akinyi Okoth  S, Abdallah  JF, Pava  Z, Dorado  E, Incardona  S, et al. Deletion of Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (pfhrp2) and histidine-rich protein 3 (pfhrp3) genes in Colombian parasites. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0131576. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Akinyi Okoth  S, Abdallah  JF, Ceron  N, Adhin  MR, Chandrabose  J, Krishnalall  K, et al. Variation in Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (pfhrp2) and Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 3 (pfhrp3) gene deletions in Guyana and Suriname. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0126805. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Rachid Viana  GM, Akinyi Okoth  S, Silva-Flannery  L, Lima Barbosa  DR, Macedo de Oliveira  A, Goldman  IF, et al. Histidine-rich protein 2 (pfhrp2) and pfhrp3 gene deletions in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from select sites in Brazil and Bolivia. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0171150. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Maltha  J, Gamboa  D, Bendezu  J, Sanchez  L, Cnops  L, Gillet  P, et al. Rapid diagnostic tests for malaria diagnosis in the Peruvian Amazon: impact of pfhrp2 gene deletions and cross-reactions. PLoS One. 2012;7:e43094. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Bharti  PK, Chandel  HS, Ahmad  A, Krishna  S, Udhayakumar  V, Singh  N. Prevalence of pfhrp2 and/or pfhrp3 gene deletion in Plasmodium falciparum population in eight highly endemic states in India. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0157949. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. Li  P, Xing  H, Zhao  Z, Yang  Z, Cao  Y, Li  W, et al. Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 in the China-Myanmar border area. Acta Trop. 2015;152:2631. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. Koita  OA, Doumbo  OK, Ouattara  A, Tall  LK, Konaré  A, Diakité  M, et al. False-negative rapid diagnostic tests for malaria and deletion of the histidine-rich repeat region of the hrp2 gene. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012;86:1948. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Wurtz  N, Fall  B, Bui  K, Pascual  A, Fall  M, Camara  C, et al. Pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Dakar, Senegal: impact on rapid malaria diagnostic tests. Malar J. 2013;12:34. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. Parr  JB, Verity  R, Doctor  SM, Janko  M, Carey-Ewend  K, Turman  BJ, et al. Pfhrp2-deleted Plasmodium falciparum parasites in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a national cross-sectional survey. J Infect Dis. 2017;216:3644.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. Amoah  LE, Abankwa  J, Oppong  A. Plasmodium falciparum histidine rich protein-2 diversity and the implications for PfHRP 2: based malaria rapid diagnostic tests in Ghana. Malar J. 2016;15:101. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. Gatton  ML, Dunn  J, Chaudhry  A, Ciketic  S, Cunningham  J, Cheng  Q. Implications of parasites lacking Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 on malaria morbidity and control when rapid diagnostic tests are used for diagnosis. J Infect Dis. 2017;215:115666. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. World Health Organization Western Pacific Region. Malaria microscopy standard operating procedures, 2016 [cited 2017 Nov 29]. http://www.wpro.who.int/mvp/lab_quality/mm_sop/en/
  20. Padley  D, Moody  AH, Chiodini  PL, Saldanha  J. Use of a rapid, single-round, multiplex PCR to detect malarial parasites and identify the species present. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2003;97:1317. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. Cheng  Q, Gatton  ML, Barnwell  J, Chiodini  P, McCarthy  J, Bell  D, et al. Plasmodium falciparum parasites lacking histidine-rich protein 2 and 3: a review and recommendations for accurate reporting. Malar J. 2014;13:283. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. Rogier  E, Plucinski  M, Lucchi  N, Mace  K, Chang  M, Lemoine  JF, et al. Bead-based immunoassay allows sub-picogram detection of histidine-rich protein 2 from Plasmodium falciparum and estimates reliability of malaria rapid diagnostic tests. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0172139. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. Akinyi  S, Hayden  T, Gamboa  D, Torres  K, Bendezu  J, Abdallah  JF, et al. Multiple genetic origins of histidine-rich protein 2 gene deletion in Plasmodium falciparum parasites from Peru. Sci Rep. 2013;3:2797. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. Ribeiro-Gonçalves  B, Francisco  AP, Vaz  C, Ramirez  M, Carriço  JA. PHYLOViZ Online: web-based tool for visualization, phylogenetic inference, analysis and sharing of minimum spanning trees. Nucleic Acids Res. 2016;44(W1):W246-51. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  25. Incardona  S, Serra-Casas  E, Champouillon  N, Nsanzabana  C, Cunningham  J, González  IJ. Global survey of malaria rapid diagnostic test (RDT) sales, procurement and lot verification practices: assessing the use of the WHO-FIND Malaria RDT Evaluation Programme (2011-2014). Malar J. 2017;16:196. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. World Health Organization. Malaria rapid diagnostic test performance: summary results of WHO product testing of malaria RDTs: round 1–7 (2008–2016), 2017 [cited 2017 Nov 29] http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/978924151268/en/
  27. World Health Organization. False-negative RDT results and implications of new reports of P. falciparum histidine-rich protein 2/3 gene deletions, 2016 [cited 2017 Nov 29] http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/information-note-hrp2-based-rdt/en/
  28. Baker  J, McCarthy  J, Gatton  M, Kyle  DE, Belizario  V, Luchavez  J, et al. Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2) and its effect on the performance of PfHRP2-based rapid diagnostic tests. J Infect Dis. 2005;192:8707. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  29. World Health Organization. Malaria rapid diagnostic test performance: results of WHO product testing of malaria RDTs: round 7 (2015–2016), 2017 [cited 2017 Nov 29]. http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/978924151268
  30. World Health Organization. Determining whether histidine rich protein gene deletions causing negative HRP2 RDT results among symptomatic falciparum patients have reached a threshold for switching malaria RDTs, 2017 [cited 2017 Nov 29]. http://www.who.int/malaria/areas/diagnosis/en/

Main Article

Page created: February 15, 2018
Page updated: February 15, 2018
Page reviewed: February 15, 2018
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external