Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 25, Number 12—December 2019
CME ACTIVITY - Research

Streptococcus suis–Associated Meningitis, Bali, Indonesia, 2014–2017

Ni Made Susilawathi, Ni Made Adi Tarini, Ni Nengah Dwi Fatmawati, Putu I.B. Mayura, Anak Agung Ayu Suryapraba, Made Subrata, Anak Agung Raka Sudewi, and Gusti Ngurah MahardikaComments to Author 
Author affiliations: Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia

Main Article

Figure 2

Phylogenetic relationships of the glutamate dehydrogenase gene fragment of Streptococcus suis isolated from humans in Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia (BL1-BL6 taxa), with sequences data of S. suis available in GenBank. The phylogeny was inferred using unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (13). The GenBank accession number and strain name are written as taxon name. To minimize crowding, some tree branches were condensed. The number of taxa in each condensed branch is indicated. The locatio

Figure 2. Phylogenetic relationships of the glutamate dehydrogenase gene fragment of Streptococcus suis isolated from humans in Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia (BL1-BL6 taxa), with sequences data of S. suis available in GenBank. The phylogeny was inferred using unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (13). The GenBank accession number and strain name are written as taxon name. To minimize crowding, some tree branches were condensed. The number of taxa in each condensed branch is indicated. The location of standard American Type Culture Collection isolate (GenBank accession no. EF198476) is shown. Respective gene sequence of full-genome data of S. pneumoniae (accession no. LR129844) was co-analyzed as outgroup. The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered in the bootstrap test (1,000 replicates) are shown next to the branches (16). Bootstrap values of <50% are not shown. The genetic distances were computed using the Kimura 2-parameter method (17). Phylogenetic analyses were conducted in MEGA6 (18). Scale bar indicates nucleotide substitutions per site.

Main Article

References
  1. van de Beek  D, Brouwer  M, Hasbun  R, Koedel  U, Whitney  CG, Wijdicks  E. Community-acquired bacterial meningitis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016;2:16074. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. van Samkar  A, Brouwer  MC, Schultsz  C, van der Ende  A, van de Beek  D. Streptococcus suis meningitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9:e0004191. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Feng  Y, Zhang  H, Wu  Z, Wang  S, Cao  M, Hu  D, et al. Streptococcus suis infection: an emerging/reemerging challenge of bacterial infectious diseases? Virulence. 2014;5:47797. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. van Samkar  A, Brouwer  MC, van der Ende  A, van de Beek  D. Zoonotic bacterial meningitis in human adults. Neurology. 2016;87:11719. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Gottschalk  M, Fittipaldi  N, Segura  M. Streptococcus suis meningitis. In: Christodoulides M, editor. Meningitis: cellular and molecular basis. Oxford (UK): CAB International; 2013. p. 184–98.
  6. Wertheim  HF, Nghia  HD, Taylor  W, Schultsz  C. Streptococcus suis: an emerging human pathogen. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48:61725. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Goyette-Desjardins  G, Auger  JP, Xu  J, Segura  M, Gottschalk  M. Streptococcus suis, an important pig pathogen and emerging zoonotic agent-an update on the worldwide distribution based on serotyping and sequence typing. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2014;3:e45. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Scarborough  M, Thwaites  GE. The diagnosis and management of acute bacterial meningitis in resource-poor settings. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7:63748. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Lehman  DC, Mahon  CR, Suvarna  K. Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and other catalase-negative, gram-positive cocci. In: Mahon CR, Lehman DC, Manuselis G, editors. Textbook of diagnostic microbiology. 5th ed. Maryland Heights (MO): Saunders Elsivier; 2016. p. 328–48.
  10. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; twenty-fifth informational supplement (M100-S27). Wayne (PA): The Institute; 2017. p. 250.
  11. Ishida  S, Tien  HT, Osawa  R, Tohya  M, Nomoto  R, Kawamura  Y, et al. Development of an appropriate PCR system for the reclassification of Streptococcus suis. J Microbiol Methods. 2014;107:6670. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Okwumabua  O, O’Connor  M, Shull  E. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay specific for Streptococcus suis based on the gene encoding the glutamate dehydrogenase. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2003;218:7984. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. Sneath  PHA, Sokal  RR. Numerical taxonomy. San Francisco: Freeman; 1973.
  14. Liu  Z, Zheng  H, Gottschalk  M, Bai  X, Lan  R, Ji  S, et al. Development of multiplex PCR assays for the identification of the 33 serotypes of Streptococcus suis. PLoS One. 2013;8:e72070. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Altschul  SF, Madden  TL, Schäffer  AA, Zhang  J, Zhang  Z, Miller  W, et al. Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Res. 1997;25:3389402. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. Felsenstein  J. Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution. 1985;39:78391. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. Kimura  M. A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. J Mol Evol. 1980;16:11120. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. Tamura  K, Stecher  G, Peterson  D, Filipski  A, Kumar  S. MEGA6: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 6.0. Mol Biol Evol. 2013;30:27259. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. Tien  HT, Nishibori  T, Nishitani  Y, Nomoto  R, Osawa  R. Reappraisal of the taxonomy of Streptococcus suis serotypes 20, 22, 26, and 33 based on DNA-DNA homology and sodA and recN phylogenies. Vet Microbiol. 2013;162:8429. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. Southeast Asia Infectious Disease Clinical Research Network. Causes and outcomes of sepsis in southeast Asia: a multinational multicentre cross-sectional study. Lancet Glob Health. 2017;5:e15767. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. Nugroho  W, Cargill  CF, Putra  IM, Kirkwood  RN, Trott  DJ, Salasia  SI, et al. Investigations of selected pathogens among village pigs in Central Papua, Indonesia. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2016;48:2936. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. Zalas-Wiecek  P, Michalska  A, Grabczewska  E, Olczak  A, Pawlowska  M, Gospodarek  E. Human meningitis caused by Streptococcus suis. J Med Microbiol. 2013;62:4835. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. Ngo  TH, Tran  TB, Tran  TT, Nguyen  VD, Campbell  J, Pham  HA, et al. Slaughterhouse pigs are a major reservoir of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 capable of causing human infection in southern Vietnam. PLoS One. 2011;6:e17943. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. Yu  H, Jing  H, Chen  Z, Zheng  H, Zhu  X, Wang  H, et al.; Streptococcus suis study groups. Human Streptococcus suis outbreak, Sichuan, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12:91420. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  25. Nghia  HD, Tu  TP, Wolbers  M, Thai  CQ, Hoang  NV, Nga  TV, et al. Risk factors of Streptococcus suis infection in Vietnam. A case-control study. Erratum in: PLoS One. 2011;6(4); 2012;7(5). PLoS One. 2011;6:e17604.
  26. Takeuchi  D, Kerdsin  A, Akeda  Y, Chiranairadul  P, Loetthong  P, Tanburawong  N, et al. Impact of food safety campaign on Streptococcus suis infection in humans in Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2017;96:13707. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  27. Navacharoen  N, Chantharochavong  V, Hanprasertpong  C, Kangsanarak  J, Lekagul  S. Hearing and vestibular loss in Streptococcus suis infection from swine and traditional raw pork exposure in northern Thailand. J Laryngol Otol. 2009;123:85762. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  28. Takeuchi  D, Kerdsin  A, Pienpringam  A, Loetthong  P, Samerchea  S, Luangsuk  P, et al. Population-based study of Streptococcus suis infection in humans in Phayao Province in northern Thailand. PLoS One. 2012;7:e31265. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  29. Huong  VT, Ha  N, Huy  NT, Horby  P, Nghia  HD, Thiem  VD, et al. Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and outcomes of Streptococcus suis infection in humans. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20:110514. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  30. Teekakirikul  P, Wiwanitkit  V. Streptococcus suis infection: overview of case reports in Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2003;34(Suppl 2):17883.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  31. Heidt  MC, Mohamed  W, Hain  T, Vogt  PR, Chakraborty  T, Domann  E. Human infective endocarditis caused by Streptococcus suis serotype 2. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:4898901. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  32. van de Beek  D, de Gans  J, Spanjaard  L, Weisfelt  M, Reitsma  JB, Vermeulen  M. Clinical features and prognostic factors in adults with bacterial meningitis. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:184959. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  33. Fillo  S, Mancini  F, Anselmo  A, Fortunato  A, Rezza  G, Lista  F, et al. Draft genome sequence of Streptococcus suis strain SsRC-1, a human isolate from a fatal case of toxic shock syndrome. Genome Announc. 2018;6:e0044718. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  34. Wangsomboonsiri  W, Luksananun  T, Saksornchai  S, Ketwong  K, Sungkanuparph  S. Streptococcus suis infection and risk factors for mortality. J Infect. 2008;57:3926. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  35. Robertson  ID, Blackmore  DK. Experimental studies on the comparative infectivity and pathogenicity of Streptococcus suis type 2. I. Porcine and human isolates in pigs. Epidemiol Infect. 1990;105:46978. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  36. Taniyama  D, Sakurai  M, Sakai  T, Kikuchi  T, Takahashi  T. Human case of bacteremia due to Streptococcus suis serotype 5 in Japan: The first report and literature review. IDCases. 2016;6:368. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  37. Kerdsin  A, Hatrongjit  R, Gottschalk  M, Takeuchi  D, Hamada  S, Akeda  Y, et al. Emergence of Streptococcus suis serotype 9 infection in humans. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2017;50:5456. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  38. Nghia  HD, Hoa  NT, Linh  D, Campbell  J, Diep  TS, Chau  NV, et al. Human case of Streptococcus suis serotype 16 infection. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14:1557. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  39. Callejo  R, Prieto  M, Salamone  F, Auger  JP, Goyette-Desjardins  G, Gottschalk  M. Atypical Streptococcus suis in man, Argentina, 2013. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20:5002. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  40. Kerdsin  A, Gottschalk  M, Hatrongjit  R, Hamada  S, Akeda  Y, Oishi  K. Fatal septic meningitis in child caused by Streptococcus suis serotype 24. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016;22:151920. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  41. Hatrongjit  R, Kerdsin  A, Gottschalk  M, Takeuchi  D, Hamada  S, Oishi  K, et al. First human case report of sepsis due to infection with Streptococcus suis serotype 31 in Thailand. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15:392. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  42. Lun  ZR, Wang  QP, Chen  XG, Li  AX, Zhu  XQ. Streptococcus suis: an emerging zoonotic pathogen. Lancet Infect Dis. 2007;7:2019. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  43. Fongcom  A, Pruksakorn  S, Netsirisawan  P, Pongprasert  R, Onsibud  P. Streptococcus suis infection: a prospective study in northern Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2009;40:5117.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  44. Tsai  HY, Liao  CH, Liu  CY, Huang  YT, Teng  LJ, Hsueh  PR. Streptococcus suis infection in Taiwan, 2000-2011. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012;74:757. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  45. Gomez-Torres  J, Nimir  A, Cluett  J, Aggarwal  A, Elsayed  S, Soares  D, et al. Human case of Streptococcus suis disease, Ontario, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23:21079. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar

Main Article

Page created: November 15, 2019
Page updated: November 15, 2019
Page reviewed: November 15, 2019
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external