Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 26, Number 8—August 2020
Synopsis

Characteristics and Outcomes of Coronavirus Disease Patients under Nonsurge Conditions, Northern California, USA, March–April 2020

Jessica Ferguson1, Joelle I. Rosser1, Orlando Quintero, Jake Scott, Aruna Subramanian, Mohammad Gumma, Angela Rogers, and Shanthi KappagodaComments to Author 
Author affiliations: Stanford Health Care, Stanford, California, USA (J. Ferguson, J.I. Rosser, O. Quintero, J. Scott, A. Subramanian, A. Rogers, S. Kappagoda); Stanford University, Stanford (M. Gumma)

Main Article

Table 3

Complications, interventions, and outcomes of COVID-19 patients, northern California, 2020*

Variable COVID-19 patients
p value
All, n = 72 Non-ICU, n = 51 ICU, n = 21
Complications, no. (%)
Acute respiratory distress syndrome 13 (18.0) 0 13 (61.9) NP
Arrhythmia† 6 (8.3) 0 6 (28.6)
Ventilator- or hospital-associated pneumonia 5 (6.9) 0 5 (23.8)
Acute kidney injury 4 (5.6) 0 4 (19.0)
Catheter-related bloodstream infection 2 (2.8) 0 2 (9.5)
Cardiomyopathy‡
2 (2.8)
0
2 (9.5)

Highest level of oxygen support required, no. (%)
None 29 (40.3) 28 (54.9) 1 (4.8) Referent
Oxygen by nasal cannula 22 (30.6) 21 (41.2) 1 (4.8) 1.0
High-flow nasal cannula 2 (2.8) 1 (2.0) 1 (4.8) 0.13
Nonrebreather mask 6 (8.3) 1 (2.0) 5 (23.8) <0.05
Mechanical ventilation 13 (18.1) 0 13 (61.9) NP
Median duration of mechanical ventilation, d§ (IQR)

NP
17 (13–29)
NP
Interventions, no. (%)
Use of a paralytic agent 7 (9.7) 0 7 (33.3) NP
Use of proning 6 (8.3) 1 (2.0) 5 (23.8)
Tracheostomy 6 (8.3) 0 6 (28.6)
Use of vasopressors 13 (18.1) 0 13 (61.9)
Use of renal replacement therapy¶ 4 (5.6) 0 4 (19.0)
Inhaled nitric oxide
4 (5.6)
0
4 (19.0)

Treatment, no. (%)
Azithromycin 33 (45.8) 19 (37.3) 14 (66.7) <0.05
Remdesivir 32 (44.4) 15 (29.4) 16 (76.2) <0.05
Hydroxychloroquine 16 (22.2) 11 (21.6) 5 (23.8) 1.0
Systemic glucocorticoids 5 (6.9) 3 (5.9) 2 (9.5) 0.63
Tocilizumab 4 (5.6) 0 4 (19.0) <0.05
Other# 11 (15.3) 8 (15.7) 3 (14.3) NP
Any antimicrobial drug 48 (66.7) 28 (54.9) 19 (90.5) <0.05
Any antifungal drug
1 (1.4)
0
1 (4.8)
0.29
Median length of stay,** d (IQR)
Hospitalization 7.5 (4–13) 5 (3–9) 17 (11–30)
ICU
NP
NP
12 (5–28)

Disposition, no. (%)
Discharged from hospital
Home 53 (73.6) 43 (84.3) 10 (47.6) 0.35††
SN/LTAC facility 9 (12.5) 5 (9.8) 4 (19.0)
Died or discharged with hospice 6 (8.3) 3 (5.9) 3 (14.3)
Remains hospitalized 4 (5.6) 0 4 (19.0)

*COVID-19, coronavirus disease; ICU, intensive care unit; IQR, interquartile range; LTAC, long-term acute care; NP, test not performed; SN, skilled nursing.
†Includes 2 atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response, 2 supraventricular tachycardia, 2 bradycardia.
‡New ejection fraction <50% after previously normal ejection fraction on echocardiogram in the preceding 2 y and/or >10% decrease in ejection fraction from baseline.
§Includes 1 patient who remained on mechanical ventilation at discharge to LTAC facility on April 7, 2020.
¶Newly requiring renal replacement therapy during admission.
#Zinc, n = 11; leronlimab, n = 1.
**Length of stay includes 4 patients who remained hospitalized on the study end date with censoring date of May 2, 2020.
††Comparison of death or discharged with hospice in ICU and non-ICU patients (Fisher exact test).

Main Article

1These authors contributed equally to this article.

Page created: May 14, 2020
Page updated: July 17, 2020
Page reviewed: July 17, 2020
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external