Volume 27, Number 1—January 2021
Research
Estimating the Force of Infection for Dengue Virus Using Repeated Serosurveys, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
Jacqueline K. Lim
, Mabel Carabali, Tansy Edwards, Ahmed Barro, Jung-Seok Lee, Desire Dahourou, Kang Sung Lee, Teguewende Nikiema, Mee Young Shin, Emmanuel Bonnet, Therese Kagone, Losseni Kaba, Suk Namkung, Paul-André Somé, Jae Seung Yang, Valéry Ridde, In-Kyu Yoon, Neal Alexander, and Yaro Seydou
, Mabel Carabali, Tansy Edwards, Ahmed Barro, Jung-Seok Lee, Desire Dahourou, Kang Sung Lee, Teguewende Nikiema, Mee Young Shin, Emmanuel Bonnet, Therese Kagone, Losseni Kaba, Suk Namkung, Paul-André Somé, Jae Seung Yang, Valéry Ridde, In-Kyu Yoon, Neal Alexander, and Yaro Seydou
Table 1
Demographic and clinical characteristics of participants in study of force of infection for dengue virus, by dengue IgG status at enrollment, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, June–July 2015*
| Characteristics | All participants,† N = 2,897 | Seropositive,‡ n = 1,920 | Seronegative,‡ n = 977 | p value§ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean age, SD |
22.32 (13.92) |
27.02 (13.36) |
13.08 (9.74) |
<0.001 |
| Age group, y | <0.001 | |||
| 1–4 | 208 (7.2) | 37 (1.9) | 171 (17.5) | |
| 5–9 | 410 (14.2) | 142 (7.4) | 268 (27.4) | |
| 10–14 | 384 (13.3) | 189 (9.8) | 195 (20.0) | |
| 15–19 | 379 (13.1) | 243 (12.7) | 136 (13.9) | |
| 20–29 | 694 (24.0) | 560 (29.2) | 134 (13.7) | |
| 30–39 | 410 (14.2) | 357 (18.6) | 53 (5.4) | |
| 40–49 | 264 (9.1) | 249 (13.0) | 15 (1.5) | |
| 50–55 |
148 (5.1) |
143 (7.5) |
5 (0.5) |
|
| Sex¶ | ||||
| M | 1,154 (39.9) | 700 (36.5) | 454 (46.5) | <0.001 |
| F |
1,741 (60.1) |
1,218 (63.5) |
523 (53.5) |
|
| Ethnicity | 0.712 | |||
| Burkinabé | 2,871 (99.6) | 1,906 (99.6) | 965 (99.5) | |
| Others |
13 (0.5) |
8 (0.4) |
5 (0.5) |
|
| Neighborhood/sector | <0.001 | |||
| Sector 22 | 447 (18.2) | 342 (20.5) | 105 (13.3) | |
| Sector 25 | 510 (20.7) | 395 (23.6) | 115 (14.6) | |
| Juvenat fille | 517 (21.0) | 353 (21.1) | 164 (20.8) | |
| Pazani | 433 (17.6) | 281 (16.8) | 152 (19.2) | |
| Zongo | 547 (22.2) | 297 (17.8) | 250 (31.7) | |
| Nioko |
8 (0.3) |
4 (0.2) |
4 (0.5) |
|
| Occupation | <0.001 | |||
| Student | 1,033 (35.8) | 586 (30.6) | 447 (46.0) | |
| Housewife | 885 (30.7) | 666 (34.8) | 219 (22.5) | |
| Small business owner | 163 (5.7) | 130 (6.8) | 33 (3.4) | |
| Unskilled worker | 153 (5.3) | 124 (6.5) | 29 (3.0) | |
| Government official | 92 (3.2) | 77 (4.0) | 15 (1.5) | |
| Private sector employee | 82 (2.8) | 66 (3.5) | 16 (1.7) | |
| Merchant | 55 (1.9) | 46 (2.4) | 9 (0.9) | |
| Retired | 53 (1.8) | 26 (1.4) | 27 (2.8) | |
| Farmer | 49 (1.7) | 35 (1.8) | 14 (1.4) | |
| Skilled worker | 43 (1.5) | 32 (1.7) | 11 (1.1) | |
| Service sector worker |
43 (1.5) |
34 (1.8) |
9 (0.9) |
|
| Education level | <0.001 | |||
| Illiterate | 887 (30.7) | 596 (31.1) | 291 (29.9) | |
| Literate, no education | 72 (2.5) | 58 (3.0) | 14 (1.4) | |
| 1–6 y of school | 803 (27,8) | 455 (23.8) | 348 (35.8) | |
| 7–10 y of school | 551 (19.1) | 388 (20.3) | 163 (16.8) | |
| 11–13 y of school | 274 (9.5) | 200 (10.4) | 74 (7.6) | |
| >University | 210 (7.5) | 171 (8.9) | 39 (3.0) | |
| Others# |
57 (2.0) |
39 (2.0) |
18 (1.9) |
|
| Self-reported preexisting conditions | ||||
| Cardiovascular | 113 (4.0) | 100 (5.3) | 13 (1.4) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 10 (0.4) | 7 (0.4) | 3 (0.3) | 0.817 |
| Lung disease | 19 (0.7) | 17 (0.9) | 2 (0.2) | 0.034 |
| Cerebrovascular | 27 (0.9) | 18 (0.9) | 9 (0.9) | 0.990 |
| Musculoskeletal | 101 (3.5) | 82 (4.3) | 19 (2.0) | 0.002 |
| Gastrointestinal | 193 (6.7) | 148 (7.8) | 45 (4.7) | 0.002 |
| Anemia | 10 (0.4) | 2 (0.1) | 8 (0.80) | 0.002 |
| Others |
108 (3.8) |
79 (4.1) |
29 (3.0) |
0.139 |
| Self-reported previous dengue | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 13 (0.5) | 13 (0.7) | 0 | |
| No | 2,421 (84.7) | 1,635 (86.0) | 786 (82.1) | |
| Unknown | 426 (14.9) | 254 (13.4) | 172 (18.0) |
*Values are no. (%) except as indicated. †Total participants enrolled at serosurvey 1. ‡Results of IgG indirect ELISA among participants at serosurvey 1. §p values based on χ2 test. ¶2 individuals with missing information on sex. #Religious and other informal education.
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