Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 27, Number 10—October 2021
Dispatch

Confirmation of Rickettsia conorii Subspecies indica Infection by Next-Generation Sequencing, Shandong, China

Figures
Article Metrics
6
citations of this article
EID Journal Metrics on Scopus
Author affiliations: Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (N. Xu, G. Wang); Gene Research Institute, WillingMed Technology (Beijing) Co. Ltd., Beijing, China (W. Gai, Y. Zhang); The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (W. Wang); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (G.A. Dasch); Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia, USA (M.E. Eremeeva)

Cite This Article

Abstract

We describe 3 similar cases of rickettsial disease that occurred after tick bites in a mountainous rural area of Shandong Province, China. Next-generation sequencing indicated the etiologic agent of 1 patient was Rickettsia conorii subspecies indica. This agent may be more widely distributed across China than previously thought.

Shandong is an eastern coastal province of China. Four natural-focal diseases—severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, endemic typhus, and scrub typhus—are thought to have the most severe effects on human health in Shandong Province (1). However, as in other parts of China, exposure to rickettsial pathogens in eastern provinces is expected because of the prevalence of human-biting ticks (2,3). Specifically, Japanese spotted fever caused by Rickettsia japonica is endemic to Shandong; R. japonica and 2 other novel Rickettsia spp. were found in the Asian longhorned tick (Haemaphysalis longicornis) (2). Because rickettsioses have similar clinical manifestations but vary in severity (i.e., incidence of illness and death), laboratory investigation is essential for understanding the epidemiology of tick-borne diseases. We obtained sequences of Rickettsia conorii subspecies indica (ITTR) infection from 1 case; 2 other cases of spotted fever rickettsiosis (SFGR) with similar epidemiologic history and clinical features were treated at the same hospital (Appendix Table 1, Figure 1). This study was approved by the ethics committee of Qilu Hospital, of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China. All patients signed consent forms.

The Study

Figure 1

Skin manifestations of patients in study of confirmation of Rickettsia conorii subspecies indica infection by next-generation sequencing, Shandong, China. A) Rash in patient 1; B) rash in patient 2; C) eschar in patient 3

Figure 1. Skin manifestations of patients in study of confirmation of Rickettsia conorii subspecies indicainfection by next-generation sequencing, Shandong, China. A) Rash in patient 1; B) rash in...

In the summer of 2019, a 53-year-old man (patient 1) was hospitalized with a 5-day history of fever (41°C), influenza-like symptoms, and generalized maculopapular rash (Figure 1, panel A). A farmer working in a rural mountainous area of Zibo, Shandong Province, he was bitten by a tick 6 days before onset of illness. At admission, clinical blood tests revealed elevated leukocyte count (12.91 × 109 cells/L) with neutrophilia (90.5%) and thrombocytopenia (73 × 109/L), as well as increased procalcitonin (3.870 ng/mL) and C-reactive protein (38.31 mg/mL). Rickettsiosis was suspected, and oral minocycline was prescribed on the second day after admission. Symptoms subsided after 2 days of treatment; the patient was discharged from the hospital 6 days later. Serum samples collected on days 8 and 24 after onset of illness tested positive for Rickettsia conorii IgG (titers 1,024 at day 8 and 16,384 at day 24) by immunofluorescence assay (IFA) (Fuller Laboratories, http://www.fullerlaboratories.com).

Patient 2, a 41-year-old female agriculture worker from Jinan, the capital of Shandong Province, came from an environment similar to that of patient 1. Patient 2 was hospitalized 18 days after a tick bite; symptoms were an 8-day history of fever (39°C), meningitis, and a sparsely spread purpuric rash (Figure 1, panel B). Intravenous doxycycline treatment was initiated 1 day after admission. Four days after admission, despite 2 days of treatment, the patient experienced seizures, coma, and cardiac arrhythmia. After 2 more days of intravenous doxycycline treatment, the patient improved and was discharged 4 days later. Serum samples collected on days 9 and 22 after onset of illness tested positive for R. conorii IgG by IFA (titers 128 at day 9 and 1,024 at day 22).

Patient 3, a 45-year-old woman, had a history of travel to a farming area in Tai’an, Shandong Province, and was bitten by a tick 8 days before onset of illness. At admission, she had a 5-day history of fever (39°C). She did not have rash but had an ulcerated eschar on her right foot (Figure 1, panel C). Blood tests at hospital admission revealed elevated leukocyte count (10.12 × 109 cells/L), procalcitonin (0.108 ng/mL), and C-reactive protein (46.39 mg/mL). The patient was treated with minocycline beginning the next day after admission; she began to improve on day 3 of treatment and was discharged after 3 more days. Serum samples collected on days 9 and 20 after onset of illness tested positive for R. conorii IgG by IFA (titers 64 at day 9 and 1,024 at day 20).

Conventional bacterial cultures of blood samples collected at admission yielded negative results for all 3 patients, as did viral nucleic acid detection of pharyngeal swab samples. Results of serologic ELISA tests for Coxiella burnetii phase II IgG (IBL International GmbH, https://www.ibl-international.com), Rickettsia typhi IgM (Fuller Laboratories), and Orientia tsutsugamushi IgM (InBios International, Inc., https://inbios.com) were all negative.

Figure 2

Genetic relationships of the spotted fever group rickettsia detected in blood of patient 1 in study of confirmation of Rickettsia conorii subspecies indica infection by next-generation sequencing, Shandong, China. This analysis used concatenated sequences from 27 spotted fever rickettsial genomes homologous to the patient sequences (shown in bold text). A) Analysis of 1,379 positions in the tRNA-associated sequences; B) analysis of 1,519 positions in the protein gene–associated sequences. Each tree was constructed upon concatenation of 6 different genome sites (Appendix Table 2); the consensus of reads from sites with overlapping reads was used. The evolutionary relationships were inferred by using UPGMA implemented in MEGA X (15). The optimal trees are shown. The percentage of replicate trees in which the taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test (500 replicates) are shown next to the branches. The evolutionary distances computed by using the Kimura 2-parameter method are in the units of the number of base substitutions per site. The proportion of sites where >1 unambiguous base is present in >1 sequence for each descendent clade is shown next each internal node in the tree. All ambiguous positions were removed for each sequence pair (pairwise deletion option). Scale bars indicate the percentage of nucleotide variation between the sequences.

Figure 2. Genetic relationships of the spotted fever group rickettsia detected in blood of patient 1 in study of confirmation of Rickettsia conorii subspecies indicainfection by next-generation sequencing,...

To identify the potential causative pathogen, we performed next-generation sequencing (NGS) on the Ion Torrent platform (Thermo Fisher Scientific, https://www.thermofisher.com) by using DNA extracted from the peripheral blood of patient 1, collected on day 7 after onset of fever and before administration of antimicrobial drugs. The sequencing data are deposited at the National Center for Biotechnology Information Sequence Read Archive (accession no. SRR10855057). We mapped those sequences to R. conorii ITTR (Appendix Figure 2). Coverage was low except for 16S and 23S rRNA genes, but matching sequences were found across the ITTR genome and to other Rickettsia genomes (data not shown). We identified reads mapping to specific Rickettsia genomes by using BLAST (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi) (Appendix Table 2). We identified the Rickettsia-specific 16S rRNA gene sequences with the Ribosomal Database Project Classifier by using Geneious Prime 19 (Geneious, https://www.geneious.com) (Appendix Table 2). Moreover, we identified sequence reads matching 3 genes commonly used for speciation of Rickettsia (gltA, ompA, ompB); 6 other proteins; and 1 pseudogene, rnpB, and containing or flanking 20 of the 33 rickettsial tRNAs (33 reads) (Figure 2; Appendix Table 2). Many sequence reads mapped most closely to ITTR or to ITTR and its closest relative, R. conorii conorii Malish 7; sequence reads mapped less frequently to the other subspecies, R. conorii caspia and R. conorii israelensis.

Conclusions

Many tickborne rickettsiae have been described from China, including R. heilongjiangiensis, R. sibirica BJ-90, R. sibirica mongolotimonae, R. monacensis, R. raoultii, R. slovaca, R. japonica, Candidatus R. tarasevichiae, and other Rickettsia spp. of unknown pathogenicity (2,4). We molecularly confirmed a case of SFGR disease in eastern China caused by R. conorii subsp. indica. We identified 2 other serologically confirmed cases of SFGR with similar history of tick bite, similar clinical manifestations, and shared epidemiologic features.

NGS technology provided the specific etiology of SFGR in 1 of these patients. The single NGS read length exceeded the size of tRNAs, so they were informative for identification, but diagnostic sites were also obtained for protein fragments (Appendix Table 2). The sensitivity of NGS depends on the type of the clinical sample, the timing of collection, and desirability for depleting human DNA to improve sensitivity of pathogen detection by increasing the number of agent sequences (5).

R. conorii is divided taxonomically into 4 subspecies: R. conorii conorii, R. conorii caspia, R. conorii israelensis, and R. conorii indica (6). The members of this group exhibit substantial genome sequence similarity and shared antigenic makeup; however, the diseases they cause might be distinguished by specific clinical manifestations, rates of illness or death, and the areas of their endemicity and predominant tick vectors (6). PCR-confirmed clinical cases caused by ITTR have been diagnosed in India (7), Sicily (8) and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China (GenBank accession nos. MG190327–9). Well-documented entomologic surveys indicate a broader area of circulation of this etiologic agent, extending beyond India and Pakistan (9) to Laos (10) and western provinces of China (11,12). In those areas, ITTR is associated either with Rhipicephalus turanicus (sheep tick) or Rh. sanguineus (brown dog tick) collected from pet dogs (12,13), suggesting a high probability of human exposure, given the proximity of these animals to human habitats. Our findings indicate that circulation of ITTR in Shandong Province and transmission to humans occurs in rural mountainous areas where the presence of both tick species has been documented (3,14). These findings suggest transmission of 1 or several SFGRs to humans might occur across China, thus requiring additional diagnostic and surveillance efforts that could lead to improved identification and management of patients with these infections.

Dr. Xu is an infectious disease doctor in Qilu Hospital of Shandong University. Her research interests include early detection and differential diagnosis of diseases with febrile syndrome. Dr. Gai is working to explore novel pathogen detection methods and products based on NGS technology. He is interested in improving application of next-generation sequencing for routine clinical diagnostics.

Top

Acknowledgment

We thank National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology for technical support.

Top

References

  1. Chen  R, Kou  Z, Xu  L, Cao  J, Liu  Z, Wen  X, et al. Analysis of epidemiological characteristics of four natural-focal diseases in Shandong Province, China in 2009-2017: A descriptive analysis. PLoS One. 2019;14:e0221677. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Qin  XR, Han  HJ, Han  FJ, Zhao  FM, Zhang  ZT, Xue  ZF, et al. Rickettsia japonica and novel Rickettsia species in ticks, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019;25:9925. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Zhang  R, Zhao  A, Wang  X, Zhang  Z. Diversity of tick species on domestic animals in Shandong Province, China, using DNA barcoding. Exp Appl Acarol. 2017;73:7989. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Fang  LQ, Liu  K, Li  XL, Liang  S, Yang  Y, Yao  HW, et al. Emerging tick-borne infections in mainland China: an increasing public health threat. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15:146779. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Schlaberg  R, Chiu  CY, Miller  S, Procop  GW, Weinstock  G; Professional Practice Committee and Committee on Laboratory Practices of the American Society for Microbiology; Microbiology Resource Committee of the College of American Pathologists. Microbiology Resource Committee of the College of American Pathologists. Validation of metagenomic next-generation sequencing tests for universal pathogen detection. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2017;141:77686. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Zhu  Y, Fournier  PE, Eremeeva  M, Raoult  D. Proposal to create subspecies of Rickettsia conorii based on multi-locus sequence typing and an emended description of Rickettsia conorii. BMC Microbiol. 2005;5:11. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Biswal  M, Zaman  K, Suri  V, Gopi  S, Kumar  A, Gopi  T, et al. Molecular confirmation & characterization of Rickettsia conorii in north India: A report of three cases. Indian J Med Res. 2020;151:5964. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Torina  A, Fernández de Mera  IG, Alongi  A, Mangold  AJ, Blanda  V, Scarlata  F, et al. Rickettsia conorii Indian tick typhus strain and R. slovaca in humans, Sicily. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18:100810. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Ghafar  A, Khan  A, Cabezas-Cruz  A, Gauci  CG, Niaz  S, Ayaz  S, et al. An assessment of the molecular diversity of ticks and tick-borne microorganisms of small ruminants in Pakistan. Microorganisms. 2020;8:E1428. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Phongmany  S, Rolain  JM, Phetsouvanh  R, Blacksell  SD, Soukkhaseum  V, Rasachack  B, et al. Rickettsial infections and fever, Vientiane, Laos. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12:25662. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Guo  LP, Jiang  SH, Liu  D, Wang  SW, Chen  CF, Wang  YZ. Emerging spotted fever group rickettsiae in ticks, northwestern China. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2016;7:114650. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Song  S, Chen  C, Yang  M, Zhao  S, Wang  B, Hornok  S, et al. Diversity of Rickettsia species in border regions of northwestern China. Parasit Vectors. 2018;11:634. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. Hazihan  W, Dong  Z, Guo  L, Rizabek  K, Askar  D, Gulzhan  K, et al. Molecular detection of spotted fever group rickettsiae in ticks parasitizing pet dogs in Shihezi City, northwestern China. Exp Appl Acarol. 2019;77:7381. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. Zhang  G, Zheng  D, Tian  Y, Li  S. A dataset of distribution and diversity of ticks in China. Sci Data. 2019;6:105. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Kumar  S, Stecher  G, Li  M, Knyaz  C, Tamura  K. MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across computing platforms. Mol Biol Evol. 2018;35:15479. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar

Top

Figures

Top

Cite This Article

DOI: 10.3201/eid2710.204764

Original Publication Date: August 27, 2021

1These authors contributed equally to this article.

Table of Contents – Volume 27, Number 10—October 2021

EID Search Options
presentation_01 Advanced Article Search – Search articles by author and/or keyword.
presentation_01 Articles by Country Search – Search articles by the topic country.
presentation_01 Article Type Search – Search articles by article type and issue.

Top

Comments

Please use the form below to submit correspondence to the authors or contact them at the following address:

Gang Wang, Department of Infectious Diseases, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xilu, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China

Send To

10000 character(s) remaining.

Top

Page created: August 11, 2021
Page updated: September 19, 2021
Page reviewed: September 19, 2021
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external