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Volume 27, Number 4—April 2021
Synopsis

Animal Reservoirs and Hosts for Emerging Alphacoronaviruses and Betacoronaviruses

Ria R. GhaiComments to Author , Ann Carpenter, Amanda Y. Liew, Krystalyn B. Martin, Meghan K. Herring, Susan I. Gerber, Aron J. Hall, Jonathan M. Sleeman, Sophie VonDobschuetz, and Casey Barton Behravesh
Author affiliations: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (R.R. Ghai, A. Carpenter, A.Y. Liew, K.B. Martin, M.K. Herring, S.I. Gerber, A.J. Hall, C. Barton Behravesh); Emory University, Atlanta (A.Y. Liew, K.B. Martin, M.K. Herring); US Geological Survey, Madison, Wisconsin, USA (J.M. Sleeman); Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy (S. VonDobschuetz)

Main Article

Table 3

Clinical manifestations for infections with current or previously emerging coronaviruses*

Pathogen (abbreviation) Host Host type Body system Clinical manifestation Vaccine
Alphacoronavirus1 (ACoV1); strain canine enteric coronavirus (CCoV)
Domestic dog Reservoir Gastrointestinal Vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration Yes
Carnivores; family Canidae Spillover Unknown Unknown No
Carnivores; family Felidae Spillover Gastrointestinal Mild diarrhea No
Carnivores; family Mustelidae Spillover Unknown Unknown No
Carnivores; family Viverridae
Susceptible
Unknown
Unknown
No
Alphacoronavirus1 (ACoV1); strain feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV)
Domestic cat Reservoir Multisystemic Varies: fever, weight loss, diarrhea, ascites, thoracic effusion, ocular signs, neurologic signs, and death Yes†
Carnivores: family Felidae
Spillover
Multisystemic
Weight loss, fever, diarrhea, jaundice
No
Bat coronavirus HKU10
Leschenault’s rousettes bat Reservoir NA Asymptomatic No
Pomona leaf-nosed bats
Spillover
Unknown
Lower bodyweight than noninfected bats
No
Ferret systemic coronavirus (FRSCV)
Ferret
Reservoir, spillover
Multisystemic
Anorexia, weight loss, diarrhea, lymphadenopathy, anemia, and neurologic signs
No
Human coronavirus NL63
Bats; family Hipposideridae Reservoir NA Asymptomatic No
Human
Spillover
Respiratory
Fever, cough, rhinorrhea
No
Human coronavirus 229E
Bats; family Hipposideridae Reservoir NA Asymptomatic No
Dromedary camels Intermediate NA Asymptomatic No
Alpaca Spillover Respiratory Acute respiratory signs, death No
Human Spillover Respiratory Nasal congestion, rhinorrhea. Can progress to pneumonia. No
Domestic cat
Susceptible
NA
Asymptomatic
No
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV)
Bats; family Vespertillionidae Reservoir Unknown Unknown No
Domestic pig
Spillover
Gastrointestinal
Vomiting, diarrhea, and death in piglets, diarrhea and agalactia in pregnant sows
Yes‡
Rhinolophus bat coronavirus HKU2; strain swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV)
Bats; family Rhinolophidae Reservoir NA Asymptomatic No
Domestic pig Spillover Gastrointestinal Severe, acute diarrhea, rapid weight loss, death in piglets No
Mouse
Susceptible
NA
Asymptomatic
NA
Betacoronavirus 1; strain bovine coronavirus
Rodent; family Muridae Reservoir Unknown, Unknown No
Cattle Spillover Respiratory, gastrointestinal Respiratory signs, diarrhea, anorexia, lethargy Yes
Turkey
Susceptible
Gastrointestinal
Diarrhea, reduced weight gain, and enteritis
NA
Betacoronavirus 1; strain canine respiratory coronavirus
Rodent; family Muridae Reservoir Unknown Unknown No
Cattle Intermediate Unknown Unknown No
Domestic dog
Spillover
Respiratory
Mild cough, nasal discharge, inappetence, bronchopneumonia
No
Betacoronavirus 1; strain human coronavirus OC43
Rodent; family Muridae Reservoir Unknown, Unknown No
Artiodactyl; family Bovidae Intermediate Unknown, suspected host Unknown No
Chimpanzees Spillover Respiratory Coughing, sneezing No
Human Spillover Respiratory Nasal congestion, rhinorrhea. Can progress to pneumonia No
Mouse
Susceptible
Neurologic
Anorexia, weight loss, neurologic signs
No
Human coronavirus HKU1
Rodent; family Muridae Reservoir Unknown, suspected host Unknown, suspected host No
Human
Spillover
Respiratory
Rhinorrhea, cough, fever
No
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)
Bats; family Vespertillionidae Reservoir NA Asymptomatic No
Dromedary camels Intermediate Respiratory Often asymptomatic, or can manifest with fever, nasal discharge No
Human Spillover Respiratory, multisystemic Variable: coughing, shortness of breath, fatigue, myalgia, arthralgia, fever, headaches, vomiting, and diarrhea, sore throat and rhinorrhea. Can progress to pneumonia, acute renal failure, multiorgan failure, and death No
Alpaca Susceptible NA Asymptomatic No
Common marmoset Susceptible Respiratory Pneumonia No
Domestic pig Susceptible Respiratory Nasal discharge No
Llama Susceptible Respiratory Nasal discharge No
Rhesus macaque Susceptible NA Asymptomatic No
New Zealand White rabbit
Susceptible
Respiratory
Asymptomatic
No
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)
Bats; family Rhinolophidae Reservoir Unknown, Unknown No
Masked palm civet Intermediate, susceptible Respiratory Fever, lethargy, pneumonia No
Chinese ferret badger Spillover NA Asymptomatic No
Domestic cat Spillover, susceptible NA Asymptomatic No
Domestic dog Spillover Unknown Unknown No
Domestic pig Spillover, susceptible NA Asymptomatic No
Human Spillover Respiratory Fever, cough, shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, pneumonia No
Racoon dog Spillover NA Asymptomatic No
African green monkey Susceptible NA Asymptomatic No
Cynomolgus macaque Susceptible Respiratory Lethargy, skin rash, and respiratory distress No
Ferret Susceptible Respiratory Lethargy, conjunctivitis, weight loss No
Golden hamster Susceptible NA Asymptomatic No
Guinea pig Susceptible NA Asymptomatic No
Mouse Susceptible Nonspecific Asymptomatic or weight loss and dehydration No
Rat Susceptible NA Asymptomatic No
Rhesus macaque
Susceptible
Nonspecific
Transient fever
No
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Bats: family Rhinolophidae Reservoir Unknown Unknown No
Domestic cat Spillover, susceptible Respiratory Asymptomatic or ocular discharge and sneezing, severe outcomes in rare instances No
Domestic dog Spillover, susceptible NA Asymptomatic No
Ferret Spillover Gastrointestinal Unknown No
Gorilla Spillover Nonspecific Lethargy, inappetence, cough No
Human Spillover Respiratory Fever, cough, shortness of breath or difficulty breathing No
Mink Spillover, susceptible Gastrointestinal, respiratory Respiratory and gastrointestinal signs, increased mortality rate No
Lion Spillover Respiratory Cough, inappetence, wheezing No
Puma Spillover Unknown Unknown No
Tiger Spillover Respiratory Cough, inappetence, wheezing No
African green monkey Susceptible Nonspecific Asymptomatic or inappetence, anorexia, mildly increased temperature No
Chinese hamster Susceptible Respiratory Weight loss, bronchitis, pneumonia No
Chinese tree shrew Susceptible NA Asymptomatic No
Common marmoset Susceptible NA Asymptomatic No
Cynomolgus macaque Susceptible Respiratory Asymptomatic or nasal discharge No
Egyptian fruit bat Susceptible Respiratory Asymptomatic or mild rhinitis
Ferret Susceptible Respiratory Asymptomatic or fever, cough, inappetence No
Golden hamster Susceptible Respiratory Weight loss, lethargy, ruffled fur, hunched posture, tachypnea, pneumonia No
New Zealand white rabbits Susceptible NA Asymptomatic No
Racoon dog Susceptible Nonspecific Lethargy No
Rhesus macaque Susceptible Respiratory Changes in respiratory pattern, piloerection, reduced appetite, pale appearance, hunched posture, dehydration, coughing No

*Clinical manifestation of disease in all hosts described in Tables 1 and 2 other than nonsusceptible hosts. NA, not available.
†Not recommended for administration by the American Academy of Family Physicians. 
‡Conditional license for use.

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Page created: January 25, 2021
Page updated: March 18, 2021
Page reviewed: March 18, 2021
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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