Volume 27, Number 6—June 2021
Research
Case–Control Study of Risk Factors for Acquired Hepatitis E Virus Infections in Blood Donors, United Kingdom, 2018–2019
Iona Smith
, Bengü Said, Aisling Vaughan, Becky Haywood, Samreen Ijaz, Claire Reynolds, Su Brailsford, Katherine Russell, and Dilys Morgan
, Bengü Said, Aisling Vaughan, Becky Haywood, Samreen Ijaz, Claire Reynolds, Su Brailsford, Katherine Russell, and Dilys Morgan
Table 2
Univariate analysis of risk factors for hepatitis E infection in study of blood donor–related transmission, 2018–2019*
| Risk factor | Cases, n = 117 | Controls, n = 564 | Univariable analysis |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR ((95% CI) |
p value | ||||
| Food consumption | |||||
| Bacon‡ | 102 (87.2) | 343 (60.8) | 4.6 (2.6–8.2) | <0.0001 | |
| Cured pork meat‡ | 73 (62.4) | 158 (28.0) | 4.5 (3.0–6.9) | <0.0001 | |
| Ham (off-the bone or joint) | 42 (35.9) | 148 (26.2) | 1.6 (1.0–2.4) | 0.04 | |
| Other pork products | 26 (22.2) | 79 (14.0) | 1.7 (1.0–2.8) | 0.04 | |
| Other sausages | 11 (9.4) | 59 (10.5) | 0.9 (0.4–1.7) | 0.7 | |
| Pate‡ | 35 (29.9) | 83 (14.7) | 2.5 (1.6–3.9) | <0.0001 | |
| Pigs’ liver‡ | 8 (6.8) | 10 (1.8) | 3.7 (1.4–9.8) | 0.01 | |
| Pork‡ | 72 (61.5) | 269 (47.7) | 1.8 (1.2–2.6) | 0.01 | |
| Pork pie | 40 (34.2) | 142 (25.2) | 1.5 (0.9–2.2) | 0.09 | |
| Pork sausages‡ | 95 (81.2) | 340 (60.3) | 2.9 (1.7–4.7) | <0.0001 | |
| Sliced sandwich ham, prepacked‡ | 81 (69.2) | 307 (54.4) | 1.9 (1.3 – 3.0) | 0.003 | |
| Any pork product‡ | 114 (97.4) | 445 (78.9) | 10.5 (3.3–33.6) | <0.0001 | |
| Chicken | 107 (91.5) | 443 (78.6) | 3.0 (1.5–5.9) | 0.002 | |
| Fish | 84 (71.8) | 395 (70.0) | 1.1 (0.7–1.7) | 0.7 | |
| Game | 9 (7.7) | 18 (3.2) | 2.4 (1.1–5.5) | 0.04 | |
| Other offal‡ | 16 (13.7) | 34 (6.0) | 2.3 (1.2–4.3) | 0.01 | |
| Shellfish | 44 (37.6) | 191 (33.9) | 1.3 (0.8–1.9) | 0.3 | |
| Fresh fruit‡ | 109 (93.2) | 472 (83.7) | 2.8 (1.3 – 6.0) | 0.01 | |
| Raw vegetables | 81 (69.2) | 354 (62.8) | 1.5 (1.0–2.3) | 0.08 | |
| Salad vegetables‡ |
108 (92.3) |
460 (81.6) |
3.0 (1.5–6.2) |
0.01 |
|
| Supermarket | |||||
| Supermarket A‡ | 60 (51.3) | 202 (35.8) | 2.0 (1.3 – 3.0) | 0.001 | |
| Supermarket B | 33 (28.2) | 159 (28.2) | 1.0 (0.7–1.6) | 0.9 | |
| Supermarket C | 71 (60.7) | 312 (55.3) | 1.2 (0.8–1.9) | 0.3 | |
| Supermarket D | 15 (12.8) | 114 (20.2) | 0.6 (0.3–1.0) | 0.05 | |
| Supermarket E | 58 (49.6) | 245 (43.4) | 1.3 (0.8–1.9) | 0.3 | |
| Supermarket F | 40 (34.2) | 150 (26.6) | 1.4 (0.9–2.1) | 0.1 | |
| Supermarket G‡ | 40 (34.2) | 123 (21.8) | 1.8 (1.2–2.8) | 0.01 | |
| Supermarket H | 20 (17.1) | 112 (19.9) | 0.8 (0.5–1.4) | 0.5 | |
| Supermarket I‡ | 33 (38.2) | 112 (19.9) | 1.6 (1.0–2.5) | 0.04 | |
| Supermarket J | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.4) | 1 (NA) | NA | |
| Supermarket K | 1 (0.9) | 14 (2.5) | 0.4 (0.1–2.8) | 0.3 | |
| Local butcher/shop |
17 (7.7) |
49 (2.3) |
3.6 (1.5–8.8) |
0.0 |
|
| Animal contact | |||||
| Yes‡ | 97 (82.9) | 389 (69.0) | 2.3 (1.4–3.9) | 0.0 | |
| Cat | 48 (41.0) | 209 (37.1) | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) | 0.4 | |
| Dog‡ | 76 (65.0) | 297 (52.7) | 1.7 (1.1–2.6) | 0.01 | |
| Rodent | 8 (6.8) | 24 (4.3) | 1.7 (0.8–4.0) | 0.2 | |
| Pig | 5 (4.3) | 15 (2.7) | 1.6 (0.6–4.5) | 0.4 | |
| Sheep | 2 (1.7) | 29 (5.1) | 0.3 (0.1–1.4) | 0.1 | |
| Horse | 6 (5.1) | 39 (6.9) | 0.8 (0.3–1.8) | 0.5 | |
| Cow |
3 (2.6) |
20 (3.6) |
0.7 (0.2–2.4) |
0.6 |
|
| Alcohol consumption† | |||||
| Yes‡ | 95 (81.2) | 395 (70.0) | 1.8 (1.1–3.0) | 0.02 | |
| 1–10 units/wk‡ | 66 (57.4) | 279 (49.8) | 1.9 (1.1–3.1) | 0.02 | |
| 10–20 units/wk | 17 (14.8) | 71 (12.7) | 1.8 (0.9–3.5) | 0.1 | |
| >20 units/wk |
10 (8.7) |
41 (7.3) |
1.6 (0.7–3.7) |
0.3 |
|
| Underlying illnesses | |||||
| Medical condition | 30 (25.6) | 130 (23.1) | 1.1 (0.7–1.8) | 0.7 | |
| Respiratory | 4 (3.4) | 19 (3.4) | 1.1 (0.4–3.2) | 0.9 | |
| Liver | 1 (0.9) | 2 (0.4) | 1.9 (0.2–21.4) | 0.6 | |
| Heart | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.2) | 1 (–) | – | |
| Diabetes | 3 (2.6) | 5 (0.9) | 2.4 (0.6–10.5) |
0.2 | |
*Values are no. (%) participants except as indicated. OR, odds ratio. (†Missing information for 2 cases. (‡Significant at univariate analysis.
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