Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 27, Number 7—July 2021
Dispatch

Anthrenus sp. and an Uncommon Cluster of Dermatitis

Author affiliations: Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France (L. Simon, F. Foukari, H. Almou Oumarou, T. Hubiche, P. Marty, C. Pomares, P. Delaunay); Université Côte d’Azur, Nice (L. Simon, P. Marty, C. Pomares); Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France (P. Delaunay)

Cite This Article

Abstract

We report patients in their homes in France who had cutaneous lesions caused by Anthrenus sp. larvae during the end of winter and into spring. These lesions mimic bites but are allergic reactions to larvae hairs pegged in the skin. These lesions should be distinguished from bites of bed bugs or fleas.

Among all biting insects, some are responsible only for bite lesions, and others are also vectors of diseases (13). In both instances, these insects are a physical nuisance and sometimes a psychological one. The most-described biting insects found in human dwellings are bed bugs, which are transmitted by travel and movement of persons; and fleas, which are transmitted by household pets (3,4). We describe patients requesting a dermatologic consultation for skin lesions caused by hairs of Anthrenus sp. (carpet beetle) larvae.

The Study

During January‒March 2020, a total of 11 patients (6 children 7‒17 years of age and 5 adults 19‒58 years of age) from 7 families living in southern France (Nice area) consulted with the Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice (Nice, France). Each person had a several-week history of multiple skin lesions. Clinical examinations showed 7‒35 (median 17) isolated erythematous urticarial papules/patient. These papules were pruritic, and lasted ≈1 week before disappearing slowly; new papules then appeared. Erythematous papular lesions always appeared first in 1 family member. Then, in all cases, dermatitis progressively affected some, but not all, family members. Lesions and absence of other symptoms did not evoke a specific dermatologic condition. Because the scattering of symptoms among family members was compatible with insect infestation, patients were referred to the Department of Medical Entomology for further examination.

Figure 1

Aspects of lesions caused by larvae of Anthrenus sp. carpet beetles on 3 members of the same family, France. A) Thigh of a 33-year-old man; B) abdomen of a 5-year-old boy; C) leg of an 8-year-old girl (who scratched lesions).

Figure 1. Aspects of lesions caused by larvae of Anthrenussp. carpet beetles on 3 members of the same family, France. A) Thigh of a 33-year-old man; B) abdomen of a...

Figure 2

Stages of Anthrenus sp. carpet beetle. A) Adult stage (length 4 mm); B, C) larval stage (length 4 mm) found inside clothing and upholstery fabric; D) larvae (original magnification ×40); and E) larvae (original magnification ×200) showing fine hairs (single arrow) that have a spear-headed shape, are responsible for human hypersensitivity, and are invisible to the naked eye. Double arrow indicates thick larvae hair.

Figure 2. Stages of Anthrenussp. carpet beetle. A) Adult stage (length 4 mm); B, C) larval stage (length 4 mm) found inside clothing and upholstery fabric; D) larvae (original magnification...

No recent history of travel, purchase of second-hand items, or presence of infected pets (confirmed by veterinarians) were reported by the families. Examinations indicated that lesions were located mostly under clothing: on the thighs, arms, chest, and abdomen (Figure 1). Careful inspection of beds and sofas by the families did not find bed bugs or fleas. In addition, the fact that the lesions were scattered all over the body, mainly under clothing, was not typical for bed bugs and fleas (Table) (4). In this context, the medical entomologist visited 2 homes and looked for mites or insects responsible for the dermatitis. He confirmed the absence of bed bugs and fleas, and rapidly found larvae and adult insects in clothing, fabric, and upholstery inside the homes (Figure 2, panels A‒C). These larvae and adult insects were later identified as specimens of Anthrenus sp. by using a 40× binocular magnifier (Figure 2, panel D). For the other families, he asked the patients to look for Anthrenus sp. in these same places, showing them pictures of carpet beetle adults and larvae (5). All families found similar larvae and adult insects and brought them to the medical entomologist, who confirmed Anthrenus sp. by morphology.

Anthrenus sp., better known as the carpet beetle, belongs to the order Coleoptera and family Dermestidae. Adults have a length of ≈3–4 mm, feed on nectar and pollen, and are harmless to humans. During autumn, female beetles search for hot areas and lay their eggs in dark places and cracks, making furniture one of their favorite spots (6,7). The larvae, which have a length of 4 mm, hatch at the end of winter or during spring. They usually live in dark drawers and cupboards. Larvae feed on dried organic matter from plant or animal residues, such as wool, dust, dead skin cells, feathers, and hairs; thus, they are commonly found in wardrobes, on stuffed animals, mattresses, or under carpets (6,7). Larvae never infest living animals. The larvae of many species of carpet beetles are covered with spear-headed hairs. These hairs are disseminated throughout the interior of a home by a natural air stream or an air conditioning system.

We observed for 1 child from the first family a large number of lesions (35 papules), probably caused by the air conditioning unit located above her bed. Two kinds of hairs coexist on these insect larvae. One hair is fine and has a terminal arrow, and the other hair is thick and has scales (Figure 2, panel E). Among the hairs of the Anthrenus sp. larvae, only the fine prickly hairs are responsible for lesions. Their spear-headed shape enable them to get stuck in the skin or respiratory mucosa, leading to hypersensitivity reactions in the hosts (8). Few cases of dermatitis caused by Anthrenus sp. beetles have been described (6,9,10). Even rare cases of asthma could be linked to the presence of carpet beetle larvae in the house (11).

Several steps (excluding insecticides) were recommended to quickly help the 7 families eliminate their lesions and clean their homes. All patients were given antihistamines and topical corticoids. Clothing that had direct skin contact and was to be worn in the next few days was washed to eliminate larvae hairs and stored after drying in airtight bags to protect them from the environment. In the homes, places where Anthrenus sp. beetles were found were inspected and cleaned. Insects were removed mechanically. Mattresses and other infested areas were vacuumed, and the vacuum bag was put in a plastic bag in the trash. Air conditioning systems present in the infested rooms were cleaned to prevent larvae hairs from spreading.

After observance of the above protocol, skin lesions healed in all affected adults and children in 3 days. A month later, no other lesions were observed in the 7 families.

Conclusions

In our medical experience, infestations by Anthrenus sp. beetles have been sporadic. We observed a large number of cases during a short period, and a new case of Anthrenus sp. infestation was being investigated when this manuscript was being written. The families described in this report lived either in houses or apartments. They were not geographically near each other, but they all lived near parks or green spaces in urban or periurban areas.

Proper detection and identification of specimens is a key step in controlling insect pests. Anthrenus sp. larvae are responsible for allergic cutaneous reactions (not bites) caused by hairs hooked in the skin, leading to lesions found under clothing in members of the same household. The environment should be investigated for this carpet beetle in the case of skin lesions mimicking arthropod bites without a central blister. Reactions to larvae hairs are different from 1 family member to another, and >1 of these family members frequently have no symptoms.

Dermatitis caused by Anthrenus sp. larvae is underdiagnosed or confused with dermatitis caused by bed bugs or fleas. These erroneous diagnoses can lead to use of insecticides and thus to unnecessary, tiring, expensive, and toxic procedures. Dermatitis caused by Anthrenus sp. larvae has clinical and environmental characteristics relevant to ruling out other entomologic causes. It is useful to know that lesions caused by this insect are isolated and located mostly under clothing. Also, these insects are found in late winter or during spring, and bed bugs or fleas are not found contemporaneously. This insect pest has been uncommon in human medicine and theses cases could indicate its emergence. Physicians and dermatologists should be better aware of this insect.

Dr. Simon is a parasitologist in the department of Parasitology‒Mycology and Medical Entomology, University Hospital Center of Nice, Nice, France. His primary research interests include vector-borne parasitic diseases and host‒pathogen interactions.

Top

Acknowledgment

We thank Alissa Majoor for assistance with language editing of the manuscript.

Top

References

  1. Charrel  RN, Berenger  J-M, Laroche  M, Ayhan  N, Bitam  I, Delaunay  P, et al. Neglected vector-borne bacterial diseases and arboviruses in the Mediterranean area. New Microbes New Infect. 2018;26:S316. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Laroche  M, Bérenger  J-M, Delaunay  P, Charrel  R, Pradines  B, Berger  F, et al. Medical entomology: a reemerging field of research to better understand vector-borne infectious diseases. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;65(suppl_1):S308. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Steen  CJ, Carbonaro  PA, Schwartz  RA. Arthropods in dermatology. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004;50:81942, quiz 842–4. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Bernardeschi  C, Le Cleach  L, Delaunay  P, Chosidow  O. Bed bug infestation. BMJ. 2013;346(jan22 1):f138.
  5. Larva of. Anthrenus verbasci, 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 24]. https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthrenus_verbasci&oldid=166281282
  6. Hoverson  K, Wohltmann  WE, Pollack  RJ, Schissel  DJ. Dermestid dermatitis in a 2-year-old girl: case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Dermatol. 2015;32:e22833. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Jurecka  W, Gebhart  W, Mainitz  M. Anthrenus sp. The paraffin block eater bug. Am J Dermatopathol. 1987;9:2047. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Ruzzier  E, Kadej  M, Battisti  A. Occurrence, ecological function and medical importance of dermestid beetle hastisetae. PeerJ. 2020;8:e8340. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Ahmed  AR, Moy  R, Barr  AR, Price  Z. Carpet beetle dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1981;5:42832. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. MacArthur  KM, Richardson  V, Novoa  RA, Stewart  CL, Rosenbach  M. Carpet beetle dermatitis: a possibly under-recognized entity. Int J Dermatol. 2016;55:5779. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Johansson  SG, Wüthrich  B, Zortea-Caflisch  C. Nightly asthma caused by allergens in silk-filled bed quilts: clinical and immunologic studies. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1985;75:4529. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar

Top

Figures
Table

Top

Cite This Article

DOI: 10.3201/eid2707.203245

Original Publication Date: June 07, 2021

Table of Contents – Volume 27, Number 7—July 2021

EID Search Options
presentation_01 Advanced Article Search – Search articles by author and/or keyword.
presentation_01 Articles by Country Search – Search articles by the topic country.
presentation_01 Article Type Search – Search articles by article type and issue.

Top

Comments

Please use the form below to submit correspondence to the authors or contact them at the following address:

Loïc Simon, Service de Parasitologie Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Hôpital l’Archet, 151 Route Saint-Antoine de Ginestière, CS 23079, 06202 Nice CEDEX 3, France

Send To

10000 character(s) remaining.

Top

Page created: April 26, 2021
Page updated: June 07, 2021
Page reviewed: June 07, 2021
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external