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Volume 27, Number 9—September 2021
Research

Reduction in Antimicrobial Use and Resistance to Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Escherichia coli in Broiler Chickens, Canada, 2013–2019

Laura HuberComments to Author , Agnes Agunos, Sheryl P. Gow, Carolee A. Carson, and Thomas P. Van Boeckel
Author affiliations: Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA (L. Huber); ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (L. Huber, T.P. Van Boeckel); Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (A. Agunos, C.A. Carson); Public Health Agency of Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (S.P. Gow); Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy, Washington, DC, USA (T.P. Van Boeckel)

Main Article

Figure 3

Mean antimicrobial use among broiler chicken flocks by bacterial species and route of administration, Canada, 2013–2019. A) Salmonella; B) Escherichia coli; C) Campylobacter. Route of administration in each panel: top, in ovo or subcutaneous injections; middle, water; bottom, feed. Arrows represent directionality of the antimicrobial use change from 2013 (gray) to 2019 (blue) of each antimicrobial class. Asterisks indicate p<0.05 as determined by a generalized mixed-effects model, including year as fixed effects and flock and veterinarian identification as random effects. AGL, aminoglycoside; BAC, bacitracin; CC, chemical coccidiostats; FFL, flavophospholipid; FQ, fluoroquinolone; LINC, lincomycin; LNCACL, lincosamides; MACR, macrolide; ORTH, orthomycin; PEN, penicillin; STRGR, streptogramin; TET, tetracycline; TMS, trimethropim/sulfonamides; 3GC, third-generation cephalosporin.

Figure 3. Mean antimicrobial use among broiler chicken flocks by bacterial species and route of administration, Canada, 2013–2019. A) Salmonella; B) Escherichia coli; C) Campylobacter. Route of administration in each panel: top, in ovo or subcutaneous injections; middle, water; bottom, feed. Arrows represent directionality of the antimicrobial use change from 2013 (gray) to 2019 (blue) of each antimicrobial class. Asterisks indicate p<0.05 as determined by a generalized mixed-effects model, including year as fixed effects and flock and veterinarian identification as random effects. AGL, aminoglycoside; BAC, bacitracin; CC, chemical coccidiostats; FFL, flavophospholipid; FQ, fluoroquinolone; LINC, lincomycin; LNCACL, lincosamides; MACR, macrolide; ORTH, orthomycin; PEN, penicillin; STRGR, streptogramin; TET, tetracycline; TMS, trimethropim/sulfonamides; 3GC, third-generation cephalosporin.

Main Article

Page created: July 14, 2021
Page updated: August 17, 2021
Page reviewed: August 17, 2021
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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