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Issue Cover for Volume 27, Number 7—July 2021

Volume 27, Number 7—July 2021

[PDF - 8.13 MB - 246 pages]

Synopses

Industry Sectors Highly Affected by Worksite Outbreaks of Coronavirus Disease, Los Angeles County, California, USA, March 19–September 30, 2020 [PDF - 2.41 MB - 7 pages]
Z. Contreras et al.

Worksites with on-site operations have experienced coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreaks. We analyzed data for 698 nonresidential, nonhealthcare worksite COVID-19 outbreaks investigated in Los Angeles County, California, USA, during March 19, 2020‒September 30, 2020, by using North American Industry Classification System sectors and subsectors. Nearly 60% of these outbreaks occurred in 3 sectors: manufacturing (n = 184, 26.4%), retail trade (n = 137, 19.6%), and transportation and warehousing (n = 73, 10.5%). The largest number of outbreaks and largest number and highest incidence rate of outbreak-associated cases occurred in manufacturing. Furthermore, 7 of the 10 industry subsectors with the highest incidence rates were within manufacturing. Approximately 70% of outbreak-associated case-patients reported Hispanic ethnicity. Facilities employing more on-site staff had larger and longer outbreaks. Identification of highly affected industry sectors and subsectors is necessary for targeted public health planning, outreach, and response, including ensuring vaccine access, to reduce burden of COVID-19 in vulnerable workers.

EID Contreras Z, Ngo V, Pulido M, Washburn F, Meschyan G, Gluck F, et al. Industry Sectors Highly Affected by Worksite Outbreaks of Coronavirus Disease, Los Angeles County, California, USA, March 19–September 30, 2020. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(7):1769-1775. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.210425
AMA Contreras Z, Ngo V, Pulido M, et al. Industry Sectors Highly Affected by Worksite Outbreaks of Coronavirus Disease, Los Angeles County, California, USA, March 19–September 30, 2020. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2021;27(7):1769-1775. doi:10.3201/eid2707.210425.
APA Contreras, Z., Ngo, V., Pulido, M., Washburn, F., Meschyan, G., Gluck, F....Halai, U. (2021). Industry Sectors Highly Affected by Worksite Outbreaks of Coronavirus Disease, Los Angeles County, California, USA, March 19–September 30, 2020. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(7), 1769-1775. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.210425.

Risks and Preventive Strategies for Clostridioides difficile Transmission to Household or Community Contacts during Transition in Healthcare Settings [PDF - 1.14 MB - 7 pages]
R. Asgary et al.

The burden of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) has greatly increased. We evaluated the risks for CDI transmission to community members after hospitalized patients are discharged. We conducted a systematic literature review in MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL plus EBSCO, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and gray literature during January 2000‒February 2019 and identified 4,798 citations were identified. We eliminated 4,554 citations through title and abstract screening; 217 additional citations did not meet full criteria. We reviewed texts for the 27 remaining articles qualitatively for internal/external validity. A few identified studies describing risks to community members lacked accurate risk measurement or preventative strategies. Primary data are needed to assess efficacy of and inform current expertise-driven CDI prevention practices. Raising awareness among providers and researchers, conducting clinical and health services research, linking up integrated monitoring and evaluation processes at hospitals and outpatient settings, and developing and integrating CDI surveillance systems are warranted.

EID Asgary R, Snead JA, Wahid NA, Ro V, Halim M, Stribling JC. Risks and Preventive Strategies for Clostridioides difficile Transmission to Household or Community Contacts during Transition in Healthcare Settings. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(7):1776-1782. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.200209
AMA Asgary R, Snead JA, Wahid NA, et al. Risks and Preventive Strategies for Clostridioides difficile Transmission to Household or Community Contacts during Transition in Healthcare Settings. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2021;27(7):1776-1782. doi:10.3201/eid2707.200209.
APA Asgary, R., Snead, J. A., Wahid, N. A., Ro, V., Halim, M., & Stribling, J. C. (2021). Risks and Preventive Strategies for Clostridioides difficile Transmission to Household or Community Contacts during Transition in Healthcare Settings. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(7), 1776-1782. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.200209.

Transboundary Spread of Brucella canis through Import of Infected Dogs, the Netherlands, November 2016–December 2018 [PDF - 815 KB - 6 pages]
M. van Dijk et al.

Brucella canis had not been isolated in the Netherlands until November 2016, when it was isolated from a dog imported from Romania. Including this case, 16 suspected cases were notified to the authorities during the following 25 months. Of these 16 dogs, 10 were seropositive; tracking investigations found another 8 seropositive littermates. All seropositive animals were rescue dogs imported from Eastern Europe. B. canis was cultured from urine, blood, and other specimens collected from the dogs. Genotyping of isolates revealed clustering by litter and country. Isolating B. canis in urine indicates that shedding should be considered when assessing the risk for zoonotic transmission. This case series proves introduction of B. canis into a country to which it is not endemic through import of infected dogs from B. canis–endemic areas, posing a threat to the naive autochthonous dog population and humans.

EID van Dijk M, Engelsma MY, Visser V, Keur I, Holtslag ME, Willems N, et al. Transboundary Spread of Brucella canis through Import of Infected Dogs, the Netherlands, November 2016–December 2018. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(7):1783-1788. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.201238
AMA van Dijk M, Engelsma MY, Visser V, et al. Transboundary Spread of Brucella canis through Import of Infected Dogs, the Netherlands, November 2016–December 2018. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2021;27(7):1783-1788. doi:10.3201/eid2707.201238.
APA van Dijk, M., Engelsma, M. Y., Visser, V., Keur, I., Holtslag, M. E., Willems, N....Broens, E. M. (2021). Transboundary Spread of Brucella canis through Import of Infected Dogs, the Netherlands, November 2016–December 2018. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(7), 1783-1788. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.201238.
Research

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 P.2 Lineage Associated with Reinfection Case, Brazil, June–October 2020 [PDF - 1.47 MB - 6 pages]
P. Resende et al.

A 37-year-old healthcare worker from the northeastern region of Brazil experienced 2 clinical episodes of coronavirus disease. Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 was confirmed by reverse transcription PCR in samples collected 116 days apart. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that the 2 infections were caused by the most prevalent lineage in Brazil, B.1.1.33, and the emerging lineage P.2. The first infection occurred in June 2020; Bayesian analysis suggests reinfection at some point during September 14–October 11, 2020, a few days before the second episode of coronavirus disease. Of note, P.2 corresponds to an emergent viral lineage in Brazil that contains the mutation E484K in the spike protein. The P.2 lineage was initially detected in the state of Rio de Janeiro, and since then it has been found throughout the country. Our findings suggest not only a reinfection case but also geographic dissemination of the emerging Brazil clade P.2.

EID Resende P, Bezerra J, Teixeira Vasconcelos R, Arantes I, Appolinario L, Mendonça A, et al. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 P.2 Lineage Associated with Reinfection Case, Brazil, June–October 2020. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(7):1789-1794. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.210401
AMA Resende P, Bezerra J, Teixeira Vasconcelos R, et al. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 P.2 Lineage Associated with Reinfection Case, Brazil, June–October 2020. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2021;27(7):1789-1794. doi:10.3201/eid2707.210401.
APA Resende, P., Bezerra, J., Teixeira Vasconcelos, R., Arantes, I., Appolinario, L., Mendonça, A....Siqueira, M. M. (2021). Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 P.2 Lineage Associated with Reinfection Case, Brazil, June–October 2020. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(7), 1789-1794. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.210401.

Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among Blood Donors and Changes after Introduction of Public Health and Social Measures, London, UK [PDF - 1.29 MB - 7 pages]
G. Amirthalingam et al.

We describe results of testing blood donors in London, UK, for severe acute respiratory disease coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) IgG before and after lockdown measures. Anonymized samples from donors 17–69 years of age were tested using 3 assays: Euroimmun IgG, Abbott IgG, and an immunoglobulin receptor-binding domain assay developed by Public Health England. Seroprevalence increased from 3.0% prelockdown (week 13, beginning March 23, 2020) to 10.4% during lockdown (weeks 15–16) and 12.3% postlockdown (week 18) by the Abbott assay. Estimates were 2.9% prelockdown, 9.9% during lockdown, and 13.0% postlockdown by the Euroimmun assay and 3.5% prelockdown, 11.8% during lockdown, and 14.1% postlockdown by the receptor-binding domain assay. By early May 2020, nearly 1 in 7 donors had evidence of past SARS-CoV-2 infection. Combining results from the Abbott and Euroimmun assays increased seroprevalence by 1.6%, 2.3%, and 0.6% at the 3 timepoints compared with Euroimmun alone, demonstrating the value of using multiple assays.

EID Amirthalingam G, Whitaker H, Brooks T, Brown K, Hoschler K, Linley E, et al. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among Blood Donors and Changes after Introduction of Public Health and Social Measures, London, UK. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(7):1795-1801. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.203167
AMA Amirthalingam G, Whitaker H, Brooks T, et al. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among Blood Donors and Changes after Introduction of Public Health and Social Measures, London, UK. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2021;27(7):1795-1801. doi:10.3201/eid2707.203167.
APA Amirthalingam, G., Whitaker, H., Brooks, T., Brown, K., Hoschler, K., Linley, E....Ramsay, M. E. (2021). Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among Blood Donors and Changes after Introduction of Public Health and Social Measures, London, UK. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(7), 1795-1801. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.203167.

Psychobehavioral Responses and Likelihood of Receiving COVID-19 Vaccines during the Pandemic, Hong Kong [PDF - 1.98 MB - 9 pages]
K. O. Kwok et al.

To access temporal changes in psychobehavioral responses to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, we conducted a 5-round (R1–R5) longitudinal population-based online survey in Hong Kong during January–September 2020. Most respondents reported wearing masks (R1 99.0% to R5 99.8%) and performing hand hygiene (R1 95.8% to R5 97.7%). Perceived COVID-19 severity decreased significantly, from 97.4% (R1) to 77.2% (R5), but perceived self-susceptibility remained high (87.2%–92.8%). Female sex and anxiety were associated with greater adoption of social distancing. Intention to receive COVID-19 vaccines decreased significantly (R4 48.7% to R5 37.6%). Greater anxiety, confidence in vaccine, and collective responsibility and weaker complacency were associated with higher tendency to receive COVID-19 vaccines. Although its generalizability should be assumed with caution, this study helps to formulate health communication strategies and foretells the initial low uptake rate of COVID-19 vaccines, suggesting that social distancing should be maintained in the medium term.

EID Kwok KO, Li K, Tang A, Tsoi M, Chan E, Tang J, et al. Psychobehavioral Responses and Likelihood of Receiving COVID-19 Vaccines during the Pandemic, Hong Kong. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(7):1802-1810. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.210054
AMA Kwok KO, Li K, Tang A, et al. Psychobehavioral Responses and Likelihood of Receiving COVID-19 Vaccines during the Pandemic, Hong Kong. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2021;27(7):1802-1810. doi:10.3201/eid2707.210054.
APA Kwok, K. O., Li, K., Tang, A., Tsoi, M., Chan, E., Tang, J....Wong, S. (2021). Psychobehavioral Responses and Likelihood of Receiving COVID-19 Vaccines during the Pandemic, Hong Kong. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(7), 1802-1810. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.210054.

Susceptibility of Well-Differentiated Airway Epithelial Cell Cultures from Domestic and Wild Animals to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 [PDF - 3.42 MB - 10 pages]
M. Gultom et al.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread globally, and the number of worldwide cases continues to rise. The zoonotic origins of SARS-CoV-2 and its intermediate and potential spillback host reservoirs, besides humans, remain largely unknown. Because of ethical and experimental constraints and more important, to reduce and refine animal experimentation, we used our repository of well-differentiated airway epithelial cell (AEC) cultures from various domesticated and wildlife animal species to assess their susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2. We observed that SARS-CoV-2 replicated efficiently only in monkey and cat AEC culture models. Whole-genome sequencing of progeny viruses revealed no obvious signs of nucleotide transitions required for SARS-CoV-2 to productively infect monkey and cat AEC cultures. Our findings, together with previous reports of human-to-animal spillover events, warrant close surveillance to determine the potential role of cats, monkeys, and closely related species as spillback reservoirs for SARS-CoV-2.

EID Gultom M, Licheri M, Laloli L, Wider M, Strässle M, V’kovski P, et al. Susceptibility of Well-Differentiated Airway Epithelial Cell Cultures from Domestic and Wild Animals to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(7):1811-1820. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.204660
AMA Gultom M, Licheri M, Laloli L, et al. Susceptibility of Well-Differentiated Airway Epithelial Cell Cultures from Domestic and Wild Animals to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2021;27(7):1811-1820. doi:10.3201/eid2707.204660.
APA Gultom, M., Licheri, M., Laloli, L., Wider, M., Strässle, M., V’kovski, P....Dijkman, R. (2021). Susceptibility of Well-Differentiated Airway Epithelial Cell Cultures from Domestic and Wild Animals to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(7), 1811-1820. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.204660.

Multiplex Real-Time Reverse Transcription PCR for Influenza A Virus, Influenza B Virus, and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 [PDF - 1.43 MB - 10 pages]
B. Shu et al.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in late 2019, and the outbreak rapidly evolved into the current coronavirus disease pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 is a respiratory virus that causes symptoms similar to those caused by influenza A and B viruses. On July 2, 2020, the US Food and Drug Administration granted emergency use authorization for in vitro diagnostic use of the Influenza SARS-CoV-2 Multiplex Assay. This assay detects influenza A virus at 102.0, influenza B virus at 102.2, and SARS-CoV-2 at 100.3 50% tissue culture or egg infectious dose, or as few as 5 RNA copies/reaction. The simultaneous detection and differentiation of these 3 major pathogens increases overall testing capacity, conserves resources, identifies co-infections, and enables efficient surveillance of influenza viruses and SARS-CoV-2.

EID Shu B, Kirby MK, Davis WG, Warnes C, Liddell J, Liu J, et al. Multiplex Real-Time Reverse Transcription PCR for Influenza A Virus, Influenza B Virus, and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(7):1821-1830. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.210462
AMA Shu B, Kirby MK, Davis WG, et al. Multiplex Real-Time Reverse Transcription PCR for Influenza A Virus, Influenza B Virus, and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2021;27(7):1821-1830. doi:10.3201/eid2707.210462.
APA Shu, B., Kirby, M. K., Davis, W. G., Warnes, C., Liddell, J., Liu, J....Barnes, J. R. (2021). Multiplex Real-Time Reverse Transcription PCR for Influenza A Virus, Influenza B Virus, and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(7), 1821-1830. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.210462.

Effects of Coronavirus Disease Pandemic on Tuberculosis Notifications, Malawi [PDF - 1.88 MB - 9 pages]
R. Soko et al.

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic might affect tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis and patient care. We analyzed a citywide electronic TB register in Blantyre, Malawi and interviewed TB officers. Malawi did not have an official COVID-19 lockdown but closed schools and borders on March 23, 2020. In an interrupted time series analysis, we noted an immediate 35.9% reduction in TB notifications in April 2020; notifications recovered to near prepandemic numbers by December 2020. However, 333 fewer cumulative TB notifications were received than anticipated. Women and girls were affected more (30.7% fewer cases) than men and boys (20.9% fewer cases). Fear of COVID-19 infection, temporary facility closures, inadequate personal protective equipment, and COVID-19 stigma because of similar symptoms to TB were mentioned as reasons for fewer people being diagnosed with TB. Public health measures could benefit control of both TB and COVID-19, but only if TB diagnostic services remain accessible and are considered safe to attend.

EID Soko R, Burke RM, Feasey H, Sibande W, Nliwasa M, Henrion M, et al. Effects of Coronavirus Disease Pandemic on Tuberculosis Notifications, Malawi. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(7):1831-1839. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.210557
AMA Soko R, Burke RM, Feasey H, et al. Effects of Coronavirus Disease Pandemic on Tuberculosis Notifications, Malawi. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2021;27(7):1831-1839. doi:10.3201/eid2707.210557.
APA Soko, R., Burke, R. M., Feasey, H., Sibande, W., Nliwasa, M., Henrion, M....MacPherson, P. (2021). Effects of Coronavirus Disease Pandemic on Tuberculosis Notifications, Malawi. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(7), 1831-1839. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.210557.

Medscape CME Activity
Non–C. difficile Clostridioides Bacteremia in Intensive Care Patients, France [PDF - 1.42 MB - 10 pages]
G. Morel et al.

Usually responsible for soft tissue infections, Clostridioides species can also cause bacteremia, life-threatening infections often requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission. We conducted a multicenter retrospective study to investigate Clostridioides bacteremia in ICUs to describe the clinical and biologic characteristics and outcomes in critically ill patients. We identified 135 patients with Clostridioides bacteremia, which occurred almost exclusively (96%) in patients with underlying conditions. Septic shock and digestive symptoms were the hallmarks of Clostridioides bacteremia in the ICU. We identified 16 different species of Clostridioides, among which C. perfringens accounted for 31% of cases. Despite the high sensitivity of Clostridioides to common antimicrobial drugs, mortality rates were high: 52% for ICU patients and 71% overall at 3 months. In multivariate analysis, the most important factor associated with increased risk for death was the presence of hemolysis. Clostridioides bacteremia often leads to multiple organ failures, which have high mortality rates.

EID Morel G, Mulier G, Ghrenassia E, Abdel Nabey M, Tandjaoui Y, Kouatchet A, et al. Non–C. difficile Clostridioides Bacteremia in Intensive Care Patients, France. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(7):1840-1849. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.203471
AMA Morel G, Mulier G, Ghrenassia E, et al. Non–C. difficile Clostridioides Bacteremia in Intensive Care Patients, France. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2021;27(7):1840-1849. doi:10.3201/eid2707.203471.
APA Morel, G., Mulier, G., Ghrenassia, E., Abdel Nabey, M., Tandjaoui, Y., Kouatchet, A....Zafrani, L. (2021). Non–C. difficile Clostridioides Bacteremia in Intensive Care Patients, France. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(7), 1840-1849. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.203471.

Triclabendazole Treatment Failure for Fasciola hepatica Infection among Preschool and School-Age Children, Cusco, Peru [PDF - 1.39 MB - 8 pages]
M. L. Morales et al.

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of children who had chronic fascioliasis in the highlands of Peru to determine triclabendazole treatment efficacy. Children passing Fasciola eggs in stool were offered directly observed triclabendazole treatment (>1 doses of 10 mg/kg). Parasitologic cure was evaluated by using microscopy of stool 1–4 months after each treatment. A total of 146 children who had chronic fascioliasis participated in the study; 53% were female, and the mean ± SD age was 10.4 ± 3.1 years. After the first treatment, 55% of the children achieved parasitologic cure. Cure rates decreased after the second (38%), third (30%), and fourth (23%) treatments; 17 children (11.6%) did not achieve cure after 4 treatments. Higher baseline egg counts and lower socioeconomic status were associated with triclabendazole treatment failure. Decreased triclabendazole efficacy in disease-endemic communities threatens control efforts. Further research on triclabendazole resistance and new drugs to overcome it are urgently needed.

EID Morales ML, Tanabe MB, White A, Lopez M, Bascope R, Cabada MM. Triclabendazole Treatment Failure for Fasciola hepatica Infection among Preschool and School-Age Children, Cusco, Peru. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(7):1850-1857. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.203900
AMA Morales ML, Tanabe MB, White A, et al. Triclabendazole Treatment Failure for Fasciola hepatica Infection among Preschool and School-Age Children, Cusco, Peru. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2021;27(7):1850-1857. doi:10.3201/eid2707.203900.
APA Morales, M. L., Tanabe, M. B., White, A., Lopez, M., Bascope, R., & Cabada, M. M. (2021). Triclabendazole Treatment Failure for Fasciola hepatica Infection among Preschool and School-Age Children, Cusco, Peru. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(7), 1850-1857. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.203900.

Novel Morbillivirus as Putative Cause of Fetal Death and Encephalitis among Swine [PDF - 2.59 MB - 9 pages]
B. Arruda et al.

Morbilliviruses are highly contagious pathogens. The Morbillivirus genus includes measles virus, canine distemper virus (CDV), phocine distemper virus (PDV), peste des petits ruminants virus, rinderpest virus, and feline morbillivirus. We detected a novel porcine morbillivirus (PoMV) as a putative cause of fetal death, encephalitis, and placentitis among swine by using histopathology, metagenomic sequencing, and in situ hybridization. Phylogenetic analyses showed PoMV is most closely related to CDV (62.9% nt identities) and PDV (62.8% nt identities). We observed intranuclear inclusions in neurons and glial cells of swine fetuses with encephalitis. Cellular tropism is similar to other morbilliviruses, and PoMV viral RNA was detected in neurons, respiratory epithelium, and lymphocytes. This study provides fundamental knowledge concerning the pathology, genome composition, transmission, and cellular tropism of a novel pathogen within the genus Morbillivirus and opens the door to a new, applicable disease model to drive research forward.

EID Arruda B, Shen H, Zheng Y, Li G. Novel Morbillivirus as Putative Cause of Fetal Death and Encephalitis among Swine. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(7):1858-1866. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.203971
AMA Arruda B, Shen H, Zheng Y, et al. Novel Morbillivirus as Putative Cause of Fetal Death and Encephalitis among Swine. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2021;27(7):1858-1866. doi:10.3201/eid2707.203971.
APA Arruda, B., Shen, H., Zheng, Y., & Li, G. (2021). Novel Morbillivirus as Putative Cause of Fetal Death and Encephalitis among Swine. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(7), 1858-1866. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.203971.

Whole-Genome Analysis of Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype 4 Causing Outbreak of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease, Alberta, Canada [PDF - 1.31 MB - 9 pages]
J. D. Kellner et al.

After the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for children, invasive pneumococcal disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 4 declined in all ages in Alberta, Canada, but it has reemerged and spread in adults in Calgary, primarily among persons who are experiencing homelessness or who use illicit drugs. We conducted clinical and molecular analyses to examine the cases and isolates. Whole-genome sequencing analysis indicated relatively high genetic variability of serotype 4 isolates. Phylogenetic analysis identified 1 emergent sequence type (ST) 244 lineage primarily associated within Alberta and nationally distributed clades ST205 and ST695. Isolates from 6 subclades of the ST244 lineage clustered regionally, temporally, and by homeless status. In multivariable logistic regression, factors associated with serotype 4 invasive pneumococcal disease were being male, being <65 years of age, experiencing homelessness, having a diagnosis of pneumonia or empyema, or using illicit drugs.

EID Kellner JD, Ricketson LJ, Demczuk W, Martin I, Tyrrell GJ, Vanderkooi OG, et al. Whole-Genome Analysis of Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype 4 Causing Outbreak of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease, Alberta, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(7):1867-1875. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.204403
AMA Kellner JD, Ricketson LJ, Demczuk W, et al. Whole-Genome Analysis of Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype 4 Causing Outbreak of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease, Alberta, Canada. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2021;27(7):1867-1875. doi:10.3201/eid2707.204403.
APA Kellner, J. D., Ricketson, L. J., Demczuk, W., Martin, I., Tyrrell, G. J., Vanderkooi, O. G....Mulvey, M. R. (2021). Whole-Genome Analysis of Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype 4 Causing Outbreak of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease, Alberta, Canada. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(7), 1867-1875. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.204403.

Shiga Toxin–Associated Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in Adults, France, 2009–2017 [PDF - 2.00 MB - 10 pages]
B. Travert et al.

We conducted a retrospective study on hemolytic uremic syndrome caused by Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in 96 adults enrolled in the cohort of the National Reference Center for Thrombotic Microangiopathies network in France during 2009–2017. Most infections were caused by STEC strains not belonging to the O157 or O104 serogroups. Thirty (31.3%) patients had multiple risk factors for thrombotic microangiopathy. In total, 61 (63.5%) patients required dialysis, 50 (52.1%) had a serious neurologic complication, 34 (35.4%) required mechanical ventilation, and 19 (19.8%) died during hospitalization. We used multivariate analysis to determine that the greatest risk factors for death were underlying immunodeficiency (hazard ratio 3.54) and severe neurologic events (hazard ratio 3.40). According to multivariate analysis and propensity score-matching, eculizumab treatment was not associated with survival. We found that underlying conditions, especially immunodeficiency, are strongly associated with decreased survival in adults who have hemolytic uremic syndrome caused by STEC.

EID Travert B, Dossier A, Jamme M, Cointe A, Delmas Y, Malot S, et al. Shiga Toxin–Associated Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in Adults, France, 2009–2017. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(7):1876-1885. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.204638
AMA Travert B, Dossier A, Jamme M, et al. Shiga Toxin–Associated Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in Adults, France, 2009–2017. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2021;27(7):1876-1885. doi:10.3201/eid2707.204638.
APA Travert, B., Dossier, A., Jamme, M., Cointe, A., Delmas, Y., Malot, S....Coppo, P. (2021). Shiga Toxin–Associated Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in Adults, France, 2009–2017. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(7), 1876-1885. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.204638.

Fatal Human Infection with Evidence of Intrahost Variation of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus, Alabama, USA, 2019 [PDF - 3.68 MB - 7 pages]
H. R. Hughes et al.

Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is an arbovirus in the family Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, found in North America and associated with freshwater/hardwood swamps in the Atlantic, Gulf Coast, and Great Lakes regions. EEEV disease in humans is rare but causes substantial illness and death. To investigate the molecular epidemiology and microevolution of EEEV from a fatal case in Alabama, USA, in 2019, we used next-generation sequencing of serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Phylogenetic inference indicated that the infecting strain may be closely related to isolates from Florida detected during 2010–2014, suggesting potential seeding from Florida. EEEV detected in serum displayed a higher degree of variability with more single-nucleotide variants than that detected in the CSF. These data refine our knowledge of EEEV molecular epidemiologic dynamics in the Gulf Coast region and demonstrate potential quasispecies bottlenecking within the central nervous system of a human host.

EID Hughes HR, Velez JO, Davis EH, Laven J, Gould CV, Panella AJ, et al. Fatal Human Infection with Evidence of Intrahost Variation of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus, Alabama, USA, 2019. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(7):1886-1892. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.210315
AMA Hughes HR, Velez JO, Davis EH, et al. Fatal Human Infection with Evidence of Intrahost Variation of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus, Alabama, USA, 2019. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2021;27(7):1886-1892. doi:10.3201/eid2707.210315.
APA Hughes, H. R., Velez, J. O., Davis, E. H., Laven, J., Gould, C. V., Panella, A. J....Brault, A. C. (2021). Fatal Human Infection with Evidence of Intrahost Variation of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus, Alabama, USA, 2019. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(7), 1886-1892. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.210315.

Ethnically Disparate Disease Progression and Outcomes among Acute Rheumatic Fever Patients in New Zealand, 1989–2015 [PDF - 1.63 MB - 9 pages]
J. Oliver et al.

We investigated outcomes for patients born after 1983 and hospitalized with initial acute rheumatic fever (ARF) in New Zealand during 1989–2012. We linked ARF progression outcome data (recurrent hospitalization for ARF, hospitalization for rheumatic heart disease [RHD], and death from circulatory causes) for 1989–2015. Retrospective analysis identified initial RHD patients <40 years of age who were hospitalized during 2010–2015 and previously hospitalized for ARF. Most (86.4%) of the 2,182 initial ARF patients did not experience disease progression by the end of 2015. Progression probability after 26.8 years of theoretical follow-up was 24.0%; probability of death, 1.0%. Progression was more rapid and ≈2 times more likely for indigenous Māori or Pacific Islander patients. Of 435 initial RHD patients, 82.2% had not been previously hospitalized for ARF. This young cohort demonstrated low mortality rates but considerable illness, especially among underserved populations. A national patient register could help monitor, prevent, and reduce ARF progression.

EID Oliver J, Robertson O, Zhang J, Marsters BL, Sika-Paotonu D, Jack S, et al. Ethnically Disparate Disease Progression and Outcomes among Acute Rheumatic Fever Patients in New Zealand, 1989–2015. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(7):1893-1902. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.203045
AMA Oliver J, Robertson O, Zhang J, et al. Ethnically Disparate Disease Progression and Outcomes among Acute Rheumatic Fever Patients in New Zealand, 1989–2015. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2021;27(7):1893-1902. doi:10.3201/eid2707.203045.
APA Oliver, J., Robertson, O., Zhang, J., Marsters, B. L., Sika-Paotonu, D., Jack, S....Baker, M. G. (2021). Ethnically Disparate Disease Progression and Outcomes among Acute Rheumatic Fever Patients in New Zealand, 1989–2015. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(7), 1893-1902. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.203045.

Plasmodium falciparum kelch 13 Mutations, 9 Countries in Africa, 2014–2018 [PDF - 1.45 MB - 7 pages]
S. E. Schmedes et al.

The spread of drug resistance to antimalarial treatments poses a serious public health risk globally. To combat this risk, molecular surveillance of drug resistance is imperative. We report the prevalence of mutations in the Plasmodium falciparum kelch 13 propeller domain associated with partial artemisinin resistance, which we determined by using Sanger sequencing samples from patients enrolled in therapeutic efficacy studies from 9 sub-Saharan countries during 2014–2018. Of the 2,865 samples successfully sequenced before treatment (day of enrollment) and on the day of treatment failure, 29 (1.0%) samples contained 11 unique nonsynonymous mutations and 83 (2.9%) samples contained 27 unique synonymous mutations. Two samples from Kenya contained the S522C mutation, which has been associated with delayed parasite clearance; however, no samples contained validated or candidate artemisinin-resistance mutations.

EID Schmedes SE, Patel D, Dhal S, Kelley J, Svigel SS, Dimbu P, et al. Plasmodium falciparum kelch 13 Mutations, 9 Countries in Africa, 2014–2018. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(7):1902-1908. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.203230
AMA Schmedes SE, Patel D, Dhal S, et al. Plasmodium falciparum kelch 13 Mutations, 9 Countries in Africa, 2014–2018. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2021;27(7):1902-1908. doi:10.3201/eid2707.203230.
APA Schmedes, S. E., Patel, D., Dhal, S., Kelley, J., Svigel, S. S., Dimbu, P....Talundzic, E. (2021). Plasmodium falciparum kelch 13 Mutations, 9 Countries in Africa, 2014–2018. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(7), 1902-1908. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.203230.

Transmission Dynamics of African Swine Fever Virus, South Korea, 2019 [PDF - 3.80 MB - 10 pages]
D. Yoo et al.

African swine fever (ASF) is a substantial concern for global food production and security. However, lack of epidemiologic data in affected areas has limited the knowledge of the main drivers of ASF virus (ASFV) transmission. To assess the role of vehicle movements and wild boar populations in spreading ASFV to pig farms in South Korea, we combined data generated by ASF surveillance on pig farms and of wild boars with nationwide global positioning system–based tracking data for vehicles involved in farming activities. Vehicle movements from infected premises were associated with a higher probability of ASFV incursion into a farm than was geographic proximity to ASFV-infected wild boar populations. Although ASFV can spill over from infected wild boars into domestic pigs, vehicles played a substantial role in spreading infection between farms, despite rapid on-farm detection and culling. This finding highlights the need for interventions targeting farm-to-farm and wildlife-to-farm interfaces.

EID Yoo D, Kim Y, Lee E, Lim J, Hong S, Lee I, et al. Transmission Dynamics of African Swine Fever Virus, South Korea, 2019. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(7):1909-1918. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.204230
AMA Yoo D, Kim Y, Lee E, et al. Transmission Dynamics of African Swine Fever Virus, South Korea, 2019. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2021;27(7):1909-1918. doi:10.3201/eid2707.204230.
APA Yoo, D., Kim, Y., Lee, E., Lim, J., Hong, S., Lee, I....Fournié, G. (2021). Transmission Dynamics of African Swine Fever Virus, South Korea, 2019. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(7), 1909-1918. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.204230.
Dispatches

Cross-Sectional Serosurvey of Companion Animals Housed with SARS-CoV-2–Infected Owners, Italy [PDF - 783 KB - 4 pages]
B. Colitti et al.

We conducted a serologic survey among dogs and cats in Italy to detect antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We found that SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence was higher among cats (16.2%) than dogs (2.3%). In addition, seroprevalence was higher among animals living in close contact with SARS-CoV-2–positive owners.

EID Colitti B, Bertolotti L, Mannelli A, Ferrara G, Vercelli A, Grassi A, et al. Cross-Sectional Serosurvey of Companion Animals Housed with SARS-CoV-2–Infected Owners, Italy. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(7):1919-1922. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.203314
AMA Colitti B, Bertolotti L, Mannelli A, et al. Cross-Sectional Serosurvey of Companion Animals Housed with SARS-CoV-2–Infected Owners, Italy. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2021;27(7):1919-1922. doi:10.3201/eid2707.203314.
APA Colitti, B., Bertolotti, L., Mannelli, A., Ferrara, G., Vercelli, A., Grassi, A....Rosati, S. (2021). Cross-Sectional Serosurvey of Companion Animals Housed with SARS-CoV-2–Infected Owners, Italy. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(7), 1919-1922. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.203314.

Autochthonous Thelazia callipaeda Infection in Dog, New York, USA, 2020 [PDF - 1.84 MB - 4 pages]
A. Schwartz et al.

We report a case of autochthonous infection of the eye worm Thelazia callipaeda in a dog in the northeastern United States. Integrated morphologic identification and molecular diagnosis confirmed the species. Phylogenetic analysis suggested introduction from Europe. The zoonotic potential of this parasite warrants broader surveillance and increased awareness among physicians and veterinarians.

EID Schwartz A, Lejeune M, Verocai GG, Young R, Schwartz PH. Autochthonous Thelazia callipaeda Infection in Dog, New York, USA, 2020. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(7):1923-1926. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.210019
AMA Schwartz A, Lejeune M, Verocai GG, et al. Autochthonous Thelazia callipaeda Infection in Dog, New York, USA, 2020. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2021;27(7):1923-1926. doi:10.3201/eid2707.210019.
APA Schwartz, A., Lejeune, M., Verocai, G. G., Young, R., & Schwartz, P. H. (2021). Autochthonous Thelazia callipaeda Infection in Dog, New York, USA, 2020. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(7), 1923-1926. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.210019.

COVID-19 Outbreak on a Passenger Ship and Assessment of Response Measures, Greece, 2020 [PDF - 819 KB - 4 pages]
S. Hatzianastasiou et al.

We describe response measures to an outbreak involving 128 (33.4%) coronavirus disease cases (46.1% asymptomatic) among 383 persons onboard a passenger ship. Multivariate analysis indicated that dining in certain rooms and bar areas, nationality, working department (for crew members), and quarantining onboard the ship were significantly associated with infection.

EID Hatzianastasiou S, Mouchtouri VA, Pavli A, Tseroni M, Sapounas S, Vasileiou C, et al. COVID-19 Outbreak on a Passenger Ship and Assessment of Response Measures, Greece, 2020. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(7):1927-1930. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.210398
AMA Hatzianastasiou S, Mouchtouri VA, Pavli A, et al. COVID-19 Outbreak on a Passenger Ship and Assessment of Response Measures, Greece, 2020. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2021;27(7):1927-1930. doi:10.3201/eid2707.210398.
APA Hatzianastasiou, S., Mouchtouri, V. A., Pavli, A., Tseroni, M., Sapounas, S., Vasileiou, C....Hadjichristodoulou, C. (2021). COVID-19 Outbreak on a Passenger Ship and Assessment of Response Measures, Greece, 2020. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(7), 1927-1930. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.210398.

Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 Lineage at Outpatient Testing Site, Berlin, Germany, January–March 2021 [PDF - 1.05 MB - 4 pages]
W. van Loon et al.

Within 5 weeks in 2021, B.1.1.7 became the dominant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 lineage at an outpatient testing site in Berlin, Germany. Compared with outpatients with wild-type virus infection, patients with B.1.1.7 had similar cycle threshold values, more frequent sore throat and travel history, and less frequent anosmia/ageusia.

EID van Loon W, Rössig H, Burock S, Hofmann J, Bernhard J, Linzbach E, et al. Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 Lineage at Outpatient Testing Site, Berlin, Germany, January–March 2021. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(7):1931-1934. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.210845
AMA van Loon W, Rössig H, Burock S, et al. Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 Lineage at Outpatient Testing Site, Berlin, Germany, January–March 2021. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2021;27(7):1931-1934. doi:10.3201/eid2707.210845.
APA van Loon, W., Rössig, H., Burock, S., Hofmann, J., Bernhard, J., Linzbach, E....Mockenhaupt, F. P. (2021). Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 Lineage at Outpatient Testing Site, Berlin, Germany, January–March 2021. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(7), 1931-1934. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.210845.

Assessing Community Vulnerability over 3 Waves of COVID-19 Pandemic, Hong Kong, China [PDF - 1.35 MB - 5 pages]
Q. Liao et al.

We constructed a coronavirus disease community vulnerability index using micro district-level socioeconomic and demographic data and analyzed its correlations with case counts across the 3 pandemic waves in Hong Kong, China. We found that districts with greater vulnerability reported more cases in the third wave when widespread community outbreaks occurred.

EID Liao Q, Dong M, Yuan J, Fielding R, Cowling BJ, Wong I, et al. Assessing Community Vulnerability over 3 Waves of COVID-19 Pandemic, Hong Kong, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(7):1935-1939. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.204076
AMA Liao Q, Dong M, Yuan J, et al. Assessing Community Vulnerability over 3 Waves of COVID-19 Pandemic, Hong Kong, China. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2021;27(7):1935-1939. doi:10.3201/eid2707.204076.
APA Liao, Q., Dong, M., Yuan, J., Fielding, R., Cowling, B. J., Wong, I....Lam, W. (2021). Assessing Community Vulnerability over 3 Waves of COVID-19 Pandemic, Hong Kong, China. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(7), 1935-1939. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.204076.

Anthrenus sp. and an Uncommon Cluster of Dermatitis [PDF - 1.73 MB - 4 pages]
L. Simon et al.

We report patients in their homes in France who had cutaneous lesions caused by Anthrenus sp. larvae during the end of winter and into spring. These lesions mimic bites but are allergic reactions to larvae hairs pegged in the skin. These lesions should be distinguished from bites of bed bugs or fleas.

EID Simon L, Boukari F, Oumarou H, Hubiche T, Marty P, Pomares C, et al. Anthrenus sp. and an Uncommon Cluster of Dermatitis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(7):1940-1943. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.203245
AMA Simon L, Boukari F, Oumarou H, et al. Anthrenus sp. and an Uncommon Cluster of Dermatitis. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2021;27(7):1940-1943. doi:10.3201/eid2707.203245.
APA Simon, L., Boukari, F., Oumarou, H., Hubiche, T., Marty, P., Pomares, C....Delaunay, P. (2021). Anthrenus sp. and an Uncommon Cluster of Dermatitis. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(7), 1940-1943. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.203245.

Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome after SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Vaccination [PDF - 932 KB - 5 pages]
M. B. Salzman et al.

We report 3 patients in California, USA, who experienced multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS) after immunization and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. During the same period, 3 adults who were not vaccinated had MIS develop at a time when ≈7% of the adult patient population had received >1 vaccine.

EID Salzman MB, Huang C, O’Brien CM, Castillo RD. Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome after SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Vaccination. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(7):1944-1948. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.210594
AMA Salzman MB, Huang C, O’Brien CM, et al. Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome after SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Vaccination. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2021;27(7):1944-1948. doi:10.3201/eid2707.210594.
APA Salzman, M. B., Huang, C., O’Brien, C. M., & Castillo, R. D. (2021). Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome after SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Vaccination. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(7), 1944-1948. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.210594.

Pneumococcal Disease Outbreak at a State Prison, Alabama, USA, September 1–October 10, 2018 [PDF - 847 KB - 4 pages]
G. V. Sanchez et al.

A pneumococcal disease outbreak caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 12F occurred in a state prison in Alabama, USA. Among 1,276 inmates, 40 cases were identified (3 confirmed, 2 probable, 35 suspected). Close living quarters, substance use, and underlying conditions likely contributed to disease risk. Prophylaxis for close contacts included azithromycin and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine.

EID Sanchez GV, Bourne CL, Davidson SL, Ellis M, Feldstein LR, Fay K, et al. Pneumococcal Disease Outbreak at a State Prison, Alabama, USA, September 1–October 10, 2018. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(7):1949-1952. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.203678
AMA Sanchez GV, Bourne CL, Davidson SL, et al. Pneumococcal Disease Outbreak at a State Prison, Alabama, USA, September 1–October 10, 2018. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2021;27(7):1949-1952. doi:10.3201/eid2707.203678.
APA Sanchez, G. V., Bourne, C. L., Davidson, S. L., Ellis, M., Feldstein, L. R., Fay, K....Matanock, A. M. (2021). Pneumococcal Disease Outbreak at a State Prison, Alabama, USA, September 1–October 10, 2018. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(7), 1949-1952. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.203678.

Cluster of Oseltamivir-Resistant and Hemagglutinin Antigenically Drifted Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Viruses, Texas, USA, January 2020 [PDF - 1.17 MB - 5 pages]
T. Mohan et al.

Four cases of oseltamivir-resistant influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection were detected among inhabitants of a border detention center in Texas, USA. Hemagglutinin of these viruses belongs to 6B.1A5A-156K subclade, which may enable viral escape from preexisting immunity. Our finding highlights the necessity to monitor both drug resistance and antigenic drift of circulating viruses.

EID Mohan T, Nguyen HT, Kniss K, Mishin VP, Merced-Morales AA, Laplante J, et al. Cluster of Oseltamivir-Resistant and Hemagglutinin Antigenically Drifted Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Viruses, Texas, USA, January 2020. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(7):1953-1957. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.204593
AMA Mohan T, Nguyen HT, Kniss K, et al. Cluster of Oseltamivir-Resistant and Hemagglutinin Antigenically Drifted Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Viruses, Texas, USA, January 2020. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2021;27(7):1953-1957. doi:10.3201/eid2707.204593.
APA Mohan, T., Nguyen, H. T., Kniss, K., Mishin, V. P., Merced-Morales, A. A., Laplante, J....Gubareva, L. V. (2021). Cluster of Oseltamivir-Resistant and Hemagglutinin Antigenically Drifted Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Viruses, Texas, USA, January 2020. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(7), 1953-1957. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.204593.

Trypanosoma cruzi in Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy Patients, Houston, Texas, USA [PDF - 716 KB - 3 pages]
M. S. Nolan et al.

To investigate possible cardiac manifestations of Chagas disease, we tested 97 Latinx patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy in Houston, Texas, USA, for Trypanosoma cruzi infection. We noted a high prevalence of underdiagnosed infection and discrepant results in clinical diagnostic assays. Latinx cardiac patients in the United States would benefit from laboratory screening for T. cruzi infection.

EID Nolan MS, Aguilar D, Misra A, Gunter SM, Erickson T, Gorchakov R, et al. Trypanosoma cruzi in Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy Patients, Houston, Texas, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(7):1958-1960. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.203244
AMA Nolan MS, Aguilar D, Misra A, et al. Trypanosoma cruzi in Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy Patients, Houston, Texas, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2021;27(7):1958-1960. doi:10.3201/eid2707.203244.
APA Nolan, M. S., Aguilar, D., Misra, A., Gunter, S. M., Erickson, T., Gorchakov, R....Murray, K. O. (2021). Trypanosoma cruzi in Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy Patients, Houston, Texas, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(7), 1958-1960. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.203244.

Polymicrobial Infections Among Patients with Vascular Q Fever, France, 2004–2020 [PDF - 669 KB - 3 pages]
M. Puges et al.

We report 5 cases of vascular Q fever complicated by polymicrobial superinfection in patients who had no risk factors for acute Q fever. Q fever was diagnosed by serologic and molecular assays for Coxiella burnetii. We confirmed additional infections using conventional graft cultures.

EID Puges M, Bérard X, Caradu C, Ducours M, Eldin C, Carrer M, et al. Polymicrobial Infections Among Patients with Vascular Q Fever, France, 2004–2020. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(7):1961-1963. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.210282
AMA Puges M, Bérard X, Caradu C, et al. Polymicrobial Infections Among Patients with Vascular Q Fever, France, 2004–2020. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2021;27(7):1961-1963. doi:10.3201/eid2707.210282.
APA Puges, M., Bérard, X., Caradu, C., Ducours, M., Eldin, C., Carrer, M....Cazanave, C. (2021). Polymicrobial Infections Among Patients with Vascular Q Fever, France, 2004–2020. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(7), 1961-1963. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.210282.

Prevalence of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Dromedary Camels, Tunisia [PDF - 2.68 MB - 5 pages]
S. Eckstein et al.

Free-roaming camels, especially those crossing national borders, pose a high risk for spreading Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). To prevent outbreaks, active surveillance is necessary. We found that a high percentage of dromedaries in Tunisia are MERS-CoV seropositive (80.4%) or actively infected (19.8%), indicating extensive MERS-CoV circulation in Northern Africa.

EID Eckstein S, Ehmann R, Gritli A, Ben Yahia H, Diehl M, Wölfel R, et al. Prevalence of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Dromedary Camels, Tunisia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(7):1964-1968. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.204873
AMA Eckstein S, Ehmann R, Gritli A, et al. Prevalence of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Dromedary Camels, Tunisia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2021;27(7):1964-1968. doi:10.3201/eid2707.204873.
APA Eckstein, S., Ehmann, R., Gritli, A., Ben Yahia, H., Diehl, M., Wölfel, R....Ben Moussa, M. (2021). Prevalence of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Dromedary Camels, Tunisia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(7), 1964-1968. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.204873.

Retrospective Study of Kyasanur Forest Disease and Deaths among Nonhuman Primates, India, 1957–2020 [PDF - 2.20 MB - 5 pages]
S. Chakraborty et al.

Kyasanur Forest disease (KFD) is a tickborne hemorrhagic disease affecting primates along the Western Ghats mountain range in India. Our retrospective study indicated that >3,314 monkey deaths attributed to KFD were reported in KFD-endemic states in India during 1957–2020. These data can help guide surveillance to protect animal and human health.

EID Chakraborty S, Sander WE, Allan BF, Andrade F. Retrospective Study of Kyasanur Forest Disease and Deaths among Nonhuman Primates, India, 1957–2020. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(7):1969-1973. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.210463
AMA Chakraborty S, Sander WE, Allan BF, et al. Retrospective Study of Kyasanur Forest Disease and Deaths among Nonhuman Primates, India, 1957–2020. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2021;27(7):1969-1973. doi:10.3201/eid2707.210463.
APA Chakraborty, S., Sander, W. E., Allan, B. F., & Andrade, F. (2021). Retrospective Study of Kyasanur Forest Disease and Deaths among Nonhuman Primates, India, 1957–2020. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(7), 1969-1973. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.210463.
Research Letters

Prolonged SARS-CoV-2 RNA Shedding from Therapy Cat after Cluster Outbreak in Retirement Home [PDF - 665 KB - 3 pages]
C. Schulz et al.

We report a therapy cat in a nursing home in Germany infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 during a cluster outbreak in the home residents. Although we confirmed prolonged presence of virus RNA in the asymptomatic cat, genome sequencing showed no further role of the cat in human infections on site.

EID Schulz C, Wylezich C, Wernike K, Gründl M, Dangel A, Baechlein C, et al. Prolonged SARS-CoV-2 RNA Shedding from Therapy Cat after Cluster Outbreak in Retirement Home. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(7):1974-1976. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.204670
AMA Schulz C, Wylezich C, Wernike K, et al. Prolonged SARS-CoV-2 RNA Shedding from Therapy Cat after Cluster Outbreak in Retirement Home. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2021;27(7):1974-1976. doi:10.3201/eid2707.204670.
APA Schulz, C., Wylezich, C., Wernike, K., Gründl, M., Dangel, A., Baechlein, C....Volz, A. (2021). Prolonged SARS-CoV-2 RNA Shedding from Therapy Cat after Cluster Outbreak in Retirement Home. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(7), 1974-1976. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.204670.

Effects of COVID-19 Vaccination Timing and Risk Prioritization on Mortality Rates, United States [PDF - 1.34 MB - 4 pages]
X. Wang et al.

During rollout of coronavirus disease vaccination, policymakers have faced critical trade-offs. Using a mathematical model of transmission, we found that timing of vaccination rollout would be expected to have a substantially greater effect on mortality rate than risk-based prioritization and uptake and that prioritizing first doses over second doses may be lifesaving.

EID Wang X, Du Z, Johnson KE, Pasco RF, Fox SJ, Lachmann M, et al. Effects of COVID-19 Vaccination Timing and Risk Prioritization on Mortality Rates, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(7):1976-1979. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.210118
AMA Wang X, Du Z, Johnson KE, et al. Effects of COVID-19 Vaccination Timing and Risk Prioritization on Mortality Rates, United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2021;27(7):1976-1979. doi:10.3201/eid2707.210118.
APA Wang, X., Du, Z., Johnson, K. E., Pasco, R. F., Fox, S. J., Lachmann, M....Meyers, L. (2021). Effects of COVID-19 Vaccination Timing and Risk Prioritization on Mortality Rates, United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(7), 1976-1979. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.210118.

SARS-CoV-2 Aerosol Exhaled by Experimentally Infected Cynomolgus Monkeys [PDF - 861 KB - 3 pages]
C. Zhang et al.

We analyzed size of severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) aerosol particles shed by experimentally infected cynomolgus monkeys. Most exhaled particles were small, and virus was mainly released early during infection. By postinfection day 6, no virus was detected in breath, but air in the isolator contained large quantities of aerosolized virus.

EID Zhang C, Guo Z, Zhao Z, Wang T, Li L, Miao F, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Aerosol Exhaled by Experimentally Infected Cynomolgus Monkeys. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(7):1979-1981. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.203948
AMA Zhang C, Guo Z, Zhao Z, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Aerosol Exhaled by Experimentally Infected Cynomolgus Monkeys. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2021;27(7):1979-1981. doi:10.3201/eid2707.203948.
APA Zhang, C., Guo, Z., Zhao, Z., Wang, T., Li, L., Miao, F....Gao, Y. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 Aerosol Exhaled by Experimentally Infected Cynomolgus Monkeys. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(7), 1979-1981. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.203948.

Possible Human-to-Dog Transmission of SARS-CoV-2, Italy, 2020 [PDF - 1.25 MB - 4 pages]
N. Decaro et al.

We detected severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in an otherwise healthy poodle living with 4 family members who had coronavirus disease. We observed antibodies in serum samples taken from the dog, indicating seroconversion. Full-length genome sequencing showed that the canine and human viruses were identical, suggesting human-to-animal transmission.

EID Decaro N, Vaccari G, Lorusso A, Lorusso E, De Sabato L, Patterson EI, et al. Possible Human-to-Dog Transmission of SARS-CoV-2, Italy, 2020. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(7):1981-1984. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.204959
AMA Decaro N, Vaccari G, Lorusso A, et al. Possible Human-to-Dog Transmission of SARS-CoV-2, Italy, 2020. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2021;27(7):1981-1984. doi:10.3201/eid2707.204959.
APA Decaro, N., Vaccari, G., Lorusso, A., Lorusso, E., De Sabato, L., Patterson, E. I....Elia, G. (2021). Possible Human-to-Dog Transmission of SARS-CoV-2, Italy, 2020. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(7), 1981-1984. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.204959.

Postoperative Paenibacillus thiaminolyticus Wound Infection, Switzerland [PDF - 694 KB - 3 pages]
R. Di Micco et al.

Paenibacillus thiaminolyticus is a nonvirulent organism found in human and ruminant microbiota. However, P. thiaminolyticus can act as an opportunistic pathogen in humans. We describe a case of abdominal wall hematoma secondarily infected by P. thiaminolyticus. Our findings emphasize the risk for unusual Paenibacillus infections in otherwise healthy persons.

EID Di Micco R, Schneider M, Nüesch R. Postoperative Paenibacillus thiaminolyticus Wound Infection, Switzerland. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(7):1984-1986. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.203348
AMA Di Micco R, Schneider M, Nüesch R. Postoperative Paenibacillus thiaminolyticus Wound Infection, Switzerland. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2021;27(7):1984-1986. doi:10.3201/eid2707.203348.
APA Di Micco, R., Schneider, M., & Nüesch, R. (2021). Postoperative Paenibacillus thiaminolyticus Wound Infection, Switzerland. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(7), 1984-1986. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.203348.

Confirmed Cases of Ophidiomycosis in Museum Specimens from as Early as 1945, United States [PDF - 1.40 MB - 4 pages]
J. M. Lorch et al.

Ophidiomycosis represents a conservation threat to wild snake populations. The disease was reported in North America early in the 21st century, but the history of ophidiomycosis has not been investigated. We examined museum specimens and confirmed cases of ophidiomycosis >50 years before the disease’s reported emergence.

EID Lorch JM, Price SJ, Lankton JS, Drayer AN. Confirmed Cases of Ophidiomycosis in Museum Specimens from as Early as 1945, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(7):1986-1989. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.204864
AMA Lorch JM, Price SJ, Lankton JS, et al. Confirmed Cases of Ophidiomycosis in Museum Specimens from as Early as 1945, United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2021;27(7):1986-1989. doi:10.3201/eid2707.204864.
APA Lorch, J. M., Price, S. J., Lankton, J. S., & Drayer, A. N. (2021). Confirmed Cases of Ophidiomycosis in Museum Specimens from as Early as 1945, United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(7), 1986-1989. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.204864.

Buffalopox Disease in Livestock and Milkers, India [PDF - 1.36 MB - 3 pages]
P. Roy and A. Chandramohan

Buffalopox outbreaks caused by vaccinia virus were observed in villages of Tamil Nadu, India, among lactating buffaloes and cows. Milkers also had lesions on their fingers. Because vaccinia virus is known to have extended its host range in Brazil, we recommend continuous surveillance to understand cross-species transmission and to curtail disease effects.

EID Roy P, Chandramohan A. Buffalopox Disease in Livestock and Milkers, India. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(7):1989-1991. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.202111
AMA Roy P, Chandramohan A. Buffalopox Disease in Livestock and Milkers, India. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2021;27(7):1989-1991. doi:10.3201/eid2707.202111.
APA Roy, P., & Chandramohan, A. (2021). Buffalopox Disease in Livestock and Milkers, India. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(7), 1989-1991. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.202111.

Anthemosoma garnhami in an HIV-Infected Man from Zimbabwe Living in South Africa [PDF - 909 KB - 3 pages]
D. Stead et al.

An HIV-positive man from Zimbabwe living in South Africa sought treatment for multiple clinical signs, including fever, weight loss, anemia, and splenomegaly. We identified in his blood an African rodent piroplasm, Anthemosoma garnhami, related to Babesia species. This finding extends the known geographic and host range of A. garnhami.

EID Stead D, du Plessis D, Sun L, Frean J. Anthemosoma garnhami in an HIV-Infected Man from Zimbabwe Living in South Africa. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(7):1991-1993. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.204759
AMA Stead D, du Plessis D, Sun L, et al. Anthemosoma garnhami in an HIV-Infected Man from Zimbabwe Living in South Africa. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2021;27(7):1991-1993. doi:10.3201/eid2707.204759.
APA Stead, D., du Plessis, D., Sun, L., & Frean, J. (2021). Anthemosoma garnhami in an HIV-Infected Man from Zimbabwe Living in South Africa. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(7), 1991-1993. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.204759.

Natural SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Kept Ferrets, Spain [PDF - 969 KB - 3 pages]
C. Gortázar et al.

We found severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 RNA in 6 (8.4%) of 71 ferrets in central Spain and isolated and sequenced virus from 1 oral and 1 rectal swab specimen. Natural infection occurs in kept ferrets when virus circulation among humans is high. However, small ferret collections probably cannot maintain virus circulation.

EID Gortázar C, Barroso-Arévalo S, Ferreras-Colino E, Isla J, de la Fuente G, Rivera B, et al. Natural SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Kept Ferrets, Spain. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(7):1994-1996. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.210096
AMA Gortázar C, Barroso-Arévalo S, Ferreras-Colino E, et al. Natural SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Kept Ferrets, Spain. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2021;27(7):1994-1996. doi:10.3201/eid2707.210096.
APA Gortázar, C., Barroso-Arévalo, S., Ferreras-Colino, E., Isla, J., de la Fuente, G., Rivera, B....Sánchez-Vizcaíno, J. M. (2021). Natural SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Kept Ferrets, Spain. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(7), 1994-1996. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.210096.

Outbreak of Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus 2 Infections, Ghana [PDF - 2.45 MB - 4 pages]
A. Ambagala et al.

In September 2019, high mortality in commercial rabbits was reported in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2 phylogenetically related to isolates from 2015–2017 outbreaks in the Netherlands was confirmed as the causative agent. The virus has not yet been detected in native rabbits in Ghana.

EID Ambagala A, Ababio P, Lamboo L, Goolia M, Lung O, Berhane Y, et al. Outbreak of Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus 2 Infections, Ghana. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(7):1999-2002. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.210005
AMA Ambagala A, Ababio P, Lamboo L, et al. Outbreak of Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus 2 Infections, Ghana. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2021;27(7):1999-2002. doi:10.3201/eid2707.210005.
APA Ambagala, A., Ababio, P., Lamboo, L., Goolia, M., Lung, O., Berhane, Y....Odoom, T. (2021). Outbreak of Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus 2 Infections, Ghana. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(7), 1999-2002. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.210005.

Occupational Exposure to Zoonotic Tuberculosis Caused by Mycobacterium caprae, Northern Greece, 2019 [PDF - 1.39 MB - 3 pages]
D. Papaventsis et al.

Pulmonary tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium caprae was diagnosed in a 65-year-old goat breeder from northern Greece. This case represents a documented occupational transmission of M. caprae and highlights the importance of enhanced laboratory screening and increased surveillance for zoonotic tuberculosis control.

EID Papaventsis D, Dougas G, Kalkouni O, Karabela S, Manika K. Occupational Exposure to Zoonotic Tuberculosis Caused by Mycobacterium caprae, Northern Greece, 2019. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(7):1997-1999. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.204399
AMA Papaventsis D, Dougas G, Kalkouni O, et al. Occupational Exposure to Zoonotic Tuberculosis Caused by Mycobacterium caprae, Northern Greece, 2019. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2021;27(7):1997-1999. doi:10.3201/eid2707.204399.
APA Papaventsis, D., Dougas, G., Kalkouni, O., Karabela, S., & Manika, K. (2021). Occupational Exposure to Zoonotic Tuberculosis Caused by Mycobacterium caprae, Northern Greece, 2019. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(7), 1997-1999. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.204399.
About the Cover

SARS-CoV-2, Mannerism, Marten, Mink, and Man [PDF - 1.97 MB - 3 pages]
M. Swancutt and T. Chorba
Etymologia

Etymologia: Sunda Pangolin [PDF - 1.18 MB - 1 page]
C. Partin
EID Partin C. Etymologia: Sunda Pangolin. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(7):1810. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.et2707
AMA Partin C. Etymologia: Sunda Pangolin. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2021;27(7):1810. doi:10.3201/eid2707.et2707.
APA Partin, C. (2021). Etymologia: Sunda Pangolin. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(7), 1810. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.et2707.
Page created: June 17, 2021
Page updated: July 07, 2021
Page reviewed: July 07, 2021
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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