Volume 10, Number 9—September 2004
Dispatch
Leishmaniasis in Refugee and Local Pakistani Populations
Simon Brooker*, Nasir Mohammed†, Khaksar Adil†, Said Agha†, Richard Reithinger*†, Mark Rowland*, Iftikhar Ali†, and Jan Kolaczinski*†
Table 1
Unadjusted odds ratios for variables associated with the risk of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis lesion and scara
| Variable | Lesion [OR (95% CI)] | Scar [OR (95% CI)] |
|---|---|---|
| Villageb | χ2 = 540, df = 66, p < 0.001 | χ2 = 786, df = 66, p < 0.001 |
| Refugee camp (compared to local village) | 1.540 (1.16–2.06), p = 0.003 | 0.82 (0.62–1.09), p = 19 |
| Nationality (Afghan compared to Pakistani) | 1.050 (0.78–1.38), p = 0.720 | 0.940 (0.70–1.26), p = 0.680 |
| Years lived in camp/village | 1.010 (1.01–1.02), p < 0.001 | 1.002 (0.99–1.01), p = 0.510 |
| Family member visited Afghanistan in last 12 mo. | 1.740 (1.37–2.20), p < 0.001 | 1.690 (1.35–2.11), p < 0.001 |
| Lesion prevalence in other household members | 1.120 (1.11–1.13), p < 0.001 | 1.040 (1.03–1.06), p < 0.001 |
| Scar prevalence in other household members | 1.030 (1.02–1.03), p < 0.001 | 1.090 (1.08–1.10), p < 0.001 |
| Sex (female compared to male) | 1.010 (0.89–1.15), p = 0.770 | 1.050 (0.95–1.16), p = 0.310 |
| Age group (compared to 0–4 y) | ||
| 5–19 y | 1.090 (0.87–1.37), p = 0.450 | 1.750 (1.44–2.13), p < 0.001 |
| >20 y | 0.560 (0.43–0.71), p < 0.001 | 1.080 (1.07–1.59), p = 0.007 |
| Type of wall (compared to mud) | ||
| Brick | 0.940 (0.33–2.68), p = 0.920 | 0.640 (0.31–1.31), p = 0.220 |
| Stone | 0.530 (0.32–0.88), p = 0.010 | 0.480 (0.30–0.77), p = 0.002 |
| Other | 2.000 (0.76–5.21), p = 0.150 | 1.160 (0.59–2.31), p = 0.650 |
| Type of ceiling (compared to cloth) | ||
| Concrete | 0.690 (0.26–1.79), p = 0.450 | 1.090 (0.44–2.71), p = 0.850 |
| Wood (beam) | 1.430 (0.65–3.17), p = 0.370 | 1.590 (0.73–3.48), p = 0.240 |
| Wood (thatched) | 0.460 (0.16–1.27), p = 0.140 | 1.770 (0.70–4.49), p = 0.230 |
| Other | 0.850 (0.30–2.41), p = 0.760 | 1.180 (0.47–2.99), p = 0.710 |
| Rooms/person | 0.200 (0.07–0.56), p = 0.002 | 0.430 (0.21–0.91), p = 0.020 |
| Cows in compound (yes/no) | 1.420 (1.22–1.65), p < 0.001 | 1.510 (1.34–1.69), p < 0.001 |
| Dogs (yes/no) | 1.660 (1.42–1.94), p < 0.001 | 1.310 (1.16–1.48), p < 0.001 |
| Meshed windows (% windows covered) | 1.260 (0.51–3.13), p = 0.610 | 0.720 (0.32–1.61), p = 0.420 |
| Use mosquito net | 1.180 (0.83–1.67), p = 0.350 | 1.560 (1.19–2.05), p = 0.001 |
| Treated mosquito net | 0.760 (0.32–1.78), p = 0.530 | 0.740 (0.42–1.32), p = 0.320 |
aOR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; df, degrees of freedom.
bThe overall significance of this categorical variable is shown rather than the 67 different survey locations.
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