Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 14, Number 9—September 2008
Research

Circulation of 3 Lineages of a Novel Saffold Cardiovirus in Humans

Ana Maria Bispo de Filippis, Luciano Kleber de Souza Luna, Andreas Stöcker, Patrícia Silva Almeida, Tereza Cristina Medrado Ribeiro, Nadine Petersen, Petra Herzog, Célia Pedroso, Hans Iko Huppertz, Hugo da Costa Ribeiro, Sigrid Baumgarte, and Sung Sup ParkComments to Author 
Author affiliations: Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil (J.F. Drexler, A. Stöcker, P. Silva Almeida, T.C. Medrado Ribeiro, C. Pedroso, H. da Costa Ribeiro Jr.); Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany (J.F. Drexler, L.K. de Souza Luna, N. Petersen, P. Herzog); Professor Hess Paediatric Hospital, Bremen, Germany (H.I. Huppertz); Institute of Hygiene and the Environment, Hamburg (S. Baumgarte); University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany (C. Drosten);

Main Article

Figure 2

Phylogenetic relationships in the P1 and viral protein 1 (VP1) genes. Analysis was done by using a neighbor-joining method with pairwise deletion for gaps, and 1,000 bootstrap reiterations for confidence testing. Bootstrap confidence values are depicted next to root points. Branch lengths are proportional to the evolutionary distances used to infer the phylogenetic tree. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted by using MEGA version 4 (24). For cardiovirus isolates from GenBank, accession number is shown after isolate identification number. For economic reasons, only for VP1 is the whole cardiovirus genus depicted. New strains from this study are shown in boldface. TMEV, Theiler murine encephalomyelitis virus; EMCV, murine encephalomyocarditis virus. Scale bars indicate number of substitutions per site.

Figure 2. Phylogenetic relationships in the P1 and viral protein 1 (VP1) genes. Analysis was done by using a neighbor-joining method with pairwise deletion for gaps, and 1,000 bootstrap reiterations for confidence testing. Bootstrap confidence values are depicted next to root points. Branch lengths are proportional to the evolutionary distances used to infer the phylogenetic tree. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted by using MEGA version 4 (24). For cardiovirus isolates from GenBank, accession number is shown after isolate identification number. For economic reasons, only for VP1 is the whole cardiovirus genus depicted. New strains from this study are shown in boldface. TMEV, Theiler murine encephalomyelitis virus; EMCV, murine encephalomyocarditis virus. Scale bars indicate number of substitutions per site.

Main Article

References
  1. Stanway  G, Brown  F, Christian  P, Hovi  T, Hyypiä  T, King  AMQ, Family Picornaviridae. In: Fauquet CM, Mayo MA, Maniloff J, Desselberger U, Ball LA, editors. Virus taxonomy: eighth report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. London: Elsevier/Academic Press; 2005. p. 757–78.
  2. Yoon  JW, Jun  HS. Viruses in type 1 diabetes: brief review. ILAR J. 2004;45:3438.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Craighead  JE, Huber  SA, Haynes  MK. Diverse patterns of immune and non-immune-mediated disease in EMC M-variant-infected mice. J Autoimmun. 1990;3(Suppl 1):279. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Oleszak  EL, Chang  JR, Friedman  H, Katsetos  CD, Platsoucas  CD. Theiler’s virus infection: a model for multiple sclerosis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004;17:174207. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Brahic  M, Bureau  JF, Michiels  T. The genetics of the persistent infection and demyelinating disease caused by Theiler’s virus. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2005;59:27998. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. LaRue  R, Myers  S, Brewer  L, Shaw  DP, Brown  C, Seal  BS, A wild-type porcine encephalomyocarditis virus containing a short poly(C) tract is pathogenic to mice, pigs, and cynomolgus macaques. J Virol. 2003;77:913646. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Knowles  NJ, Dickinson  ND, Wilsden  G, Carra  E, Brocchi  E, De Simone  F. Molecular analysis of encephalomyocarditis viruses isolated from pigs and rodents in Italy. Virus Res. 1998;57:5362. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Kirkland  PD, Gleeson  AB, Hawkes  RA, Naim  HM, Boughton  CR. Human infection with encephalomyocarditis virus in New South Wales. Med J Aust. 1989;151:176, 178.
  9. Grobler  DG, Raath  JP, Braack  LE, Keet  DF, Gerdes  GH, Barnard  BJ, An outbreak of encephalomyocarditis-virus infection in free-ranging African elephants in the Kruger National Park. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 1995;62:97108.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Vladimirtsev  VA, Nikitina  RS, Renwick  N, Ivanova  AA, Danilova  AP, Platonov  FA, Family clustering of Viliuisk encephalomyelitis in traditional and new geographic regions. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13:13216.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Pritchard  AE, Strom  T, Lipton  HL. Nucleotide sequence identifies Vilyuisk virus as a divergent Theiler’s virus. Virology. 1992;191:46972. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Lipton  HL, Friedmann  A, Sethi  P, Crowther  JR. Characterization of Vilyuisk virus as a picornavirus. J Med Virol. 1983;12:195203. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. Goldfarb  LG, Gajdusek  DC. Viliuisk encephalomyelitis in the Iakut people of Siberia. Brain. 1992;115:96178. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. Petrov  PA. V. Vilyuisk encephalitis in the Yakut Republic (U.S.S.R). Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1970;19:14650.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Sarmanova  ES, Chumachenko  GG. Etiologic studies of Viliuisk encephalomyelitis. 3. Serologic studies. Current Problems in Medical Virology. 1960;1:2169.
  16. Jones  MS, Lukashov  VV, Ganac  RD, Schnurr  DP. Discovery of a novel human picornavirus in a stool sample from a pediatric patient presenting with fever of unknown origin. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45:214450. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. Abed  Y, Boivin  G. New Saffold cardioviruses in 3 children, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14:8346.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. Zhang  Z, Mitchell  DK, Afflerbach  C, Jakab  F, Walter  J, Zhang  YJ, Quantitation of human astrovirus by real-time reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction to examine correlation with clinical illness. J Virol Methods. 2006;134:1906. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. Verstrepen  WA, Kuhn  S, Kockx  MM, Van De Vyvere  ME, Mertens  AH. Rapid detection of enterovirus RNA in cerebrospinal fluid specimens with a novel single-tube real-time reverse transcription-PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol. 2001;39:40936. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. Logan  C, O’Leary  JJ, O’Sullivan  N. Real-time reverse transcription-PCR for detection of rotavirus and adenovirus as causative agents of acute viral gastroenteritis in children. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44:318995. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. Hoehne  M, Schreier  E. Detection of Norovirus genogroup I and II by multiplex real-time RT- PCR using a 3′-minor groove binder-DNA probe. BMC Infect Dis. 2006;6:69. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. Chmielewicz  B, Nitsche  A, Schweiger  B, Ellerbrok  H. Development of a PCR-based assay for detection, quantification, and genotyping of human adenoviruses. Clin Chem. 2005;51:136573. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. Baumgarte  S, de Souza Luna  LK, Grywna  K, Panning  M, Drexler  JF, Karsten  C, Prevalence, types, and RNA concentrations of human parechoviruses, including a sixth parechovirus type, in stool samples from patients with acute enteritis. J Clin Microbiol. 2008;46:2428. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. Tamura  K, Dudley  J, Nei  M, Kumar  S. MEGA4: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Mol Biol Evol. 2007;24:15969. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  25. Stanway  G, Joki-Korpela  P, Hyypia  T. Human parechoviruses—biology and clinical significance. Rev Med Virol. 2000;10:5769. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. Stanway  G, Kalkkinen  N, Roivainen  M, Ghazi  F, Khan  M, Smyth  M, Molecular and biological characteristics of echovirus 22, a representative of a new picornavirus group. J Virol. 1994;68:82328.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  27. Brahic  M, Bureau  JF, McAllister  A. Genetic determinants of the demyelinating disease caused by Theiler’s virus. Microb Pathog. 1991;11:7784. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  28. Zoecklein  LJ, Pavelko  KD, Gamez  J, Papke  L, McGavern  DB, Ure  DR, Direct comparison of demyelinating disease induced by the Daniel’s strain and BeAn strain of Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus. Brain Pathol. 2003;13:291308.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  29. Rozengurt  N, Sanchez  S. A spontaneous outbreak of Theiler’s encephalomyelitis in a colony of severe combined immunodeficient mice in the UK. Lab Anim. 1993;27:22934. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  30. Rodriguez  M, Roos  RP. Pathogenesis of early and late disease in mice infected with Theiler’s virus, using intratypic recombinant GDVII/DA viruses. J Virol. 1992;66:21725.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  31. Adami  C, Pritchard  AE, Knauf  T, Luo  M, Lipton  HL. A determinant for central nervous system persistence localized in the capsid of Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus by using recombinant viruses. J Virol. 1998;72:16625.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  32. Jnaoui  K, Michiels  T. Adaptation of Theiler’s virus to L929 cells: mutations in the putative receptor binding site on the capsid map to neutralization sites and modulate viral persistence. Virology. 1998;244:397404. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  33. McCright  IJ, Tsunoda  I, Whitby  FG, Fujinami  RS. Theiler’s viruses with mutations in loop I of VP1 lead to altered tropism and pathogenesis. J Virol. 1999;73:281424.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  34. Al-Sunaidi  M, Williams  CH, Hughes  PJ, Schnurr  DP, Stanway  G. Analysis of a new human parechovirus allows the definition of parechovirus types and the identification of RNA structural domains. J Virol. 2007;81:101321. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  35. Muir  P, Kammerer  U, Korn  K, Mulders  MN, Poyry  T, Weissbrich  B, Molecular typing of enteroviruses: current status and future requirements. The European Union Concerted Action on Virus Meningitis and Encephalitis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1998;11:20227.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  36. Allander  T, Tammi  MT, Eriksson  M, Bjerkner  A, Tiveljung-Lindell  A, Andersson  B. Cloning of a human parvovirus by molecular screening of respiratory tract samples. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102:128916. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  37. Allander  T, Andreasson  K, Gupta  S, Bjerkner  A, Bogdanovic  G, Persson  MA, Identification of a third human polyomavirus. J Virol. 2007;81:41306. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  38. Gaynor  AM, Nissen  MD, Whiley  DM, Mackay  IM, Lambert  SB, Wu  G, Identification of a novel polyomavirus from patients with acute respiratory tract infections. PLoS Pathog. 2007;3:e64. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar

Main Article

Page created: July 13, 2010
Page updated: July 13, 2010
Page reviewed: July 13, 2010
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external