Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 11, Number 10—October 2005
Letter

Vibrio metschnikovii Pneumonia

Cite This Article

To the Editor: Vibrio metschnikovii is a gram-negative, oxidase-negative bacillus. This species was isolated in 1981 from blood culture of an 82-year-old diabetic woman with cholecystitis (1). It was previously isolated from river water, clams, oysters (2), fish (3), and birds that died of a choleralike illness (4). We report isolation of V. metschnikovii in bronchial aspirate from a patient with pneumonia.

A 63-year-old man was admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of A. Calmette hospital in Lille, France, for acute respiratory failure related to community-acquired pneumonia. The patient had a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with a forced expiratory volume of 820 mL in 1 s (32% of predictive value); he was treated with oral salmeterol, terbutaline, and prednisolone (40 mg/day). He was HIV negative. On ICU admission, he had the following values: respiratory rate 30/min, temperature 39°C, pulse rate 140/min, blood pressure 140/90 mm Hg, Glasgow coma score 15, leukocyte count 13.7 × 109/L, hemoglobin level 10.2 g/dL, procalcitonin level 22 ng/mL, and C-reactive protein level 73 mg/L. A chest radiograph showed diffuse bilateral infiltrates. Analysis of arterial blood gases with 6 L of oxygen/min showed respiratory acidosis: pH 7.30, pCO2 59 mm Hg, pO2 78 mm Hg, HCO3 23 mmol/L, O2 saturation 94%. Other laboratory test results were normal. After noninvasive ventilation failed, the patient was immediately intubated and mechanically ventilated.

Blood cultures and bronchial aspirate samples were obtained before initiating treatment with antimicrobial drugs. The patient was treated with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and ciprofloxacin. Blood cultures showed negative results. Microscopic examination of the bronchial aspirate showed no squamous epithelial cells, a few gram-negative bacilli, leukocytes, and many ciliated bronchial cells. The presence of ciliated cells was the best indicator that secretions originated from the lower respiratory tract. A urinary antigenic test result for Legionella spp. was negative. Quantitative culture of the bronchial aspirate on bromocresol purple agar, blood agar (grown in an atmosphere of 5% CO2), and chocolate agar plates yielded V. metschnikovii (107 CFU/mL) and nonhemolytic streptococci (105 CFU/mL) as the oropharyngeal flora. These streptococci (gram-positive, catalase-negative) were not considered to be the pathogenic agent.

The strain of V. metschnikovii isolated was a gram-negative, curved rod. This facultative aeroanaerobic bacillus formed opaque colonies (diameter 3 mm) on blood agar in 24 h and showed complete hemolysis. It was catalase positive, oxidase negative, and did not reduce nitrate to nitrite. This strain was identified as V. metschnikovii with an ID GBN Vitek 2 card (bioMérieux, Marcy l’Etoile, France) (acceptable T identification index 0.22). Confirmation was done with a Microseq 500 16S ribosomal DNA bacterial kit (PE Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). A 475-bp fragment was sequenced in an automated sequencer (360 ABI Prism, PE Applied Biosystems). The fragment was compared with National Center for Biotechnology Information (Bethesda, MD, USA) GenBank entries and showed 99% homology with V. metschnikovii (GenBank accession no. X74712.1). In vitro susceptibility testing with the AST-N032 Vitek 2 card (bioMérieux) showed that the organism was resistant to ampicillin, ticarcillin, piperacillin, and aminoglycosides.

The patient was successfully extubated. He was transferred to a pneumology ward on day 9 and discharged on day 15. Antimicrobial treatment was stopped on day 10.

Most nonhuman strains of V. metschnikovii are usually found in aquatic habitats (e.g., lakes and marine waters). Human clinical infections with this bacterium are rare; however, cases of epidemic diarrhea caused by V. metschnikovii have been reported (5,6). Contamination by water or fish was not always demonstrated in these cases, but an orofecal source is possible. In coproculture, this microorganism is probably not diagnosed: it was initially identified as normal aerobic flora because it was oxidase negative.

The first case of septicemia with V. metschnikovii was reported in 1981 in a patient with peritonitis and an inflamed gallbladder (1). Three other patients with similar septicemia, all >70 years of age, were described (7,8); 2 had polymicrobial results in blood cultures. V. metschnikovii was also found in a mucocutaneous site (wound infection) after saphenectomy in swab samples of the wound site (9).

The patient in our study denied contact with lake or sea water, and he had not eaten any seafood. He was a retired carpenter without contact with domestic or wild animals and did not recall an episode of diarrhea before his hospitalization. The source of contamination that caused his acute respiratory failure was not identified.

Miyake et al. showed that V. metschnikovii produces a cytolysin with hemolytic properties (10). This finding might explain the invasive process of this bacterium, which resulted in pulmonary lesions in a patient with respiratory deficiency. As far as we know, this is the first case of pneumonia caused by V. metschnikovii.

Top

Frédéric Wallet*Comments to Author , Mickaël Tachon*, Saad Nseir*, René Courcol*, and Micheline Roussel-Delvallez*
Author affiliations: *Lille University Medical Center, Lille, France

Top

References

  1. Jean-Jacques  W, Rajashekaraiah  KR, Farmer  JJ, Hickman  FW, Morris  JG, Kallick  CA. Vibrio metschnikovii bacteremia in a patient with cholecystitis. J Clin Microbiol. 1981;14:7112.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Lee  JV, Donovan  TJ, Furniss  AL. Characterization, taxonomy, and emended description of Vibrio metschnikovii. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1978;28:99111. DOIGoogle Scholar
  3. Hansen  W, Pohl  P, Seynave  D, Bughin  J, Yourassowski  E. Isolements de Vibrio metschnikovii en Belgique. Ann Med Vet. 1989;133:3436.
  4. Farmer  JJ III, Hickman-Brenner  FW, Fanning  GR, Gordon  CM, Brenner  DJ. Characterization of Vibrio metschnikovii and Vibrio gazogenes by DNA-DNA hybridization and phenotype. J Clin Microbiol. 1988;26:19932000.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Dalsgaard  A, Alarcon  A, Lanata  CF, Jensen  T, Hansen  HJ, Delgado  F, Clinical manifestations and molecular epidemiology of five cases of diarrhoea in children associated with Vibrio metschnikovii in Arequipa, Peru. J Med Microbiol. 1996;45:494500. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Magalhaes  V, Branco  A, de Andrade Lima  R, Magalhaes  M. Vibrio metschnikovii among diarrheal patients during cholera epidemic in Recife, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 1996;38:13. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Hansen  W, Freney  J, Benyagoub  H, Letouzey  MN, Gigi  J, Wauters  G. Severe human infections caused by Vibrio metschnikovii. J Clin Microbiol. 1993;31:252930.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Hardardottir  H, Vikenes  K, Digranes  A, Lassen  J, Halstensen  A. Mixed bacteremia with Vibrio metschnikovii in a 83-year-old female patient. Scand J Infect Dis. 1994;26:4934. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Linde  HJ, Kobuch  R, Jayasinghe  S, Reischl  U, Lehn  N, Kaulfuss  S, Vibrio metschnikovii, a rare cause of wound infection. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42:490911. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Miyake  M, Honda  T, Miwatani  T. Purification and characterization of Vibrio metschnikovii cytolysin. Infect Immun. 1988;56:95460.PubMedGoogle Scholar

Top

Cite This Article

DOI: 10.3201/eid1110.050177

Related Links

Top

Table of Contents – Volume 11, Number 10—October 2005

EID Search Options
presentation_01 Advanced Article Search – Search articles by author and/or keyword.
presentation_01 Articles by Country Search – Search articles by the topic country.
presentation_01 Article Type Search – Search articles by article type and issue.

Top

Comments

Please use the form below to submit correspondence to the authors or contact them at the following address:

Frédéric Wallet, Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Hygiène, Boulevard du Pr Leclercq, 59037 Lille Cedex, France; fax: 33-3-20-44-48-95

Send To

10000 character(s) remaining.

Top

Page created: February 22, 2012
Page updated: February 22, 2012
Page reviewed: February 22, 2012
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external