Volume 16, Number 2—February 2010
CME ACTIVITY - Research
Risk Factors for and Estimated Incidence of Community-associated Clostridium difficile Infection, North Carolina, USA1
Table 2
Results of community-associated Clostridium difficile infection case–control study, Veterans Affairs, North Carolina, USA, 2005*
Characteristic | No. (%) persons |
OR (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|---|
Case-patients, n = 36 | Controls, n = 108 | ||
Demographics | |||
Median age, y (range) | 62 (38–85) | 64 (36–86) | |
Female gender | 4 (11) | 4 (4) | |
Non-Hispanic white race |
25 (69) |
70 (65) |
|
Coexisting health conditions | |||
Hypertension | 16 (44) | 75 (69) | 0.35 (0.2–0.8)† |
Cardiac failure |
6 (17) |
5 (5) |
4.1 (1.2–14.4)† |
Exposures‡ | |||
Outpatient visit | 32 (89) | 69 (57) | 6.1 (2.0–18.6)† |
Antimicrobial drugs | 24 (66) | 10 (9) | 19.6 (7.6–51.0)† |
Penicillins | 13 (36) | 3 (3) | 19.8 (5.2–75.1)§ |
Quinolones | 6 (17) | 3 (3) | 7 (1.7–29.7)† |
NSAIDs | 6 (17) | 30 (28) | 0.5 (0.2–0.4) |
Antimotility medications | 4 (11) | 2 (2) | 6.6 (1.2–37.8)† |
Gastric acid suppressors | 18 (50) | 37 (34) | 1.9 (0.9–4.1) |
H2 blockers | 7 (19) | 13 (12) | 1.8 (0.6–4.8) |
Proton pump inhibitors | 13 (36) | 26 (24) | 1.7 (0.7–4.0) |
Steroids |
4 (11) |
3 (3) |
4.4 (0.9–20.5) |
Multivariable analysis¶ | |||
Antimicrobial drugs | 17.8 (6.6–48.0)# | ||
Outpatient visit | 5.1 (1.5–17.9)†# |
*OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.
†p<0.05.
‡Exposures among case-patients and controls were within 3 months prior to the test date.
§p< 0.0001.
¶Goodness-of-fit tests: residual χ2, p = 0.33; Hosmer and Lemeshow, p = 0.12.
#Adjusted OR.
1Presented in part at the 44th Annual Meeting of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, October 12–15, 2006.