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Volume 22, Number 2—February 2016
Letter

Accuracy of Dengue Reporting by National Surveillance System, Brazil

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To the Editor: Dengue is an underreported disease globally. In 2010, the World Health Organization recorded 2.2 million dengue cases (1), but models projected that the number of symptomatic dengue cases might have been as high as 96 million (2). Brazil reports more cases of dengue than any other country (1); however, the degree of dengue underreporting in Brazil is unknown. We conducted a study to evaluate dengue underreporting by Brazil’s Notifiable Diseases Information System (Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação [SINAN]).

From January 1, 2009, through December 31, 2011, we performed enhanced surveillance for acute febrile illness (AFI) in a public emergency unit in Salvador, Brazil. The surveillance team enrolled outpatients >5 years of age with measured (>37.8°C) or reported fever. Patients or their legal guardians provided written consent. The study was approved by the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Ethics Committee, Brazil’s National Council for Ethics in Research, and the Yale Institutional Review Board.

We collected participants’ blood samples at study enrollment and >15 days later. Acute-phase serum samples were tested by dengue nonstructural protein 1 ELISA and IgM ELISA (Panbio Diagnostics, East Brisbane, Queensland, Australia). Convalescent-phase serum samples were tested by IgM ELISA. In concordance with case-reporting guidelines in Brazil (3), we defined dengue cases by a positive nonstructural protein 1 ELISA result or a positive acute-phase or convalescent-phase IgM ELISA result. All others were classified as nondengue AFI.

We then identified which study patients were officially reported to SINAN as having a suspected case of dengue. In Brazil, notification of suspected dengue cases is mandatory. A suspected case is defined as illness in a person from an area of dengue transmission or Aedes aegypti mosquito infestation who has symptoms of dengue (fever of <7 days’ duration, plus >2 of the following symptoms: nausea/vomiting, exanthema, myalgia, arthralgia, headache, retro-orbital pain, petechiae/positive tourniquet test, or leukopenia). We used Link Plus software (CDC-Link Plus Production 2.0; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA) to perform probabilistic record linkage from our database with official reports in the SINAN database. The records were matched based on the patients’ first names, last names, and dates of birth. We then manually reviewed the matches to confirm the pairs.

On the basis of the results, we calculated the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value of the national surveillance system. We calculated accuracy measurements with 95% CIs for the overall study period and for each study year, age group (5–14 vs. >15 years), and seasonal prevalence of dengue (months of low vs. high dengue transmission, defined by dengue detection in <20% vs. >20% of the AFI patients, respectively). We estimated multiplication factors by dividing the number of dengue cases in our study by the number of study patients who were reported to SINAN as having dengue.

Of the 3,864 AFI patients identified during the 3-year study period, 997 (25.8%) had laboratory evidence of dengue infection, and 2,867 (74.2%) were classified as having nondengue AFI. Of the 997 dengue cases, 57 were reported to SINAN (sensitivity 5.7%) (Table). Of the 2,867 nondengue AFI cases, 26 were reported to SINAN as dengue cases (false-positive ratio 0.9%, specificity 99.1%). None of these 26 cases had laboratory confirmation in the SINAN database. The PPV for reporting to SINAN was 68.7%, and the negative predictive value was 75.1% (Table). PPV was higher among patients >15 years of age, which might be attributable to atypical presentations of dengue in children (4,5).

We found that 1 in 4 patients with AFI had laboratory evidence of dengue infection. However, for every 20 dengue patients that we identified, only about 1 had been reported to SINAN as having dengue. During periods of low dengue transmission, only about 1 in 40 dengue cases identified was reported. Conversely, among the patients who were reported as having dengue, 31.2% did not have the disease; this percentage reached 61.5% in low-transmission periods.

We estimated that overall, there were 12 dengue cases per reported case in the community, but in months of low dengue transmission, this ratio was >17:1 (Table). Comparable results have been observed in Nicaragua, Thailand, and Cambodia (68). By applying the estimated multiplication factor to the study period’s mean annual incidence of 303.8 reported dengue cases/100,000 Salvador residents (9), we estimated that the actual mean annual dengue incidence for Salvador was 3,645.7 cases/100,000 residents.

We showed that dengue surveillance substantially underestimated disease burden in Brazil, especially in what are considered low-transmission periods. Dengue underreporting has been attributed to passive case detection, which fails to identify persons with dengue who do not seek health care (1). We also showed that surveillance failed to detect dengue cases among symptomatic patients seeking health care.

Novel surveillance tools, such as active syndromic surveillance and point-of-care testing, should be applied to improve estimates of dengue incidence. Furthermore, given the recent emergence of chikungunya and Zika viruses in Brazil (10), improved surveillance and laboratory diagnostics are needed to avert misclassification and mismanagement of cases.

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Acknowledgments

We thank those who participated in study data collection and sample processing, especially Helena Lima, Juan Calcagno, and André Henrique Gonçalves; Nivison Nery Jr, Renan Rosa, and Delsuc Evangelista Filho for their assistance with data management; Monique Silva for her assistance with administrative matters; and Federico Costa and Jose Hagan for their advice while the study was being conducted. We also want to thank the São Marcos Emergency Center staff; the Pau da Lima Health District, Salvador Secretariat of Health; and Pau da Lima community leaders and resident associations.

Financial support was provided by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (grant 550160/2010-8 and scholarships to M.M.O.S., M.S.R., I.A.D.P., M.K.,A.I.K., M.G.R., and G.S.R.); the Bahia Foundation for Research Support (grant PNX0010/2011); the Federal University of Bahia (grants PROPI 2013 and PRODOC 2013); the National Institutes of Health (grants R01 AI052473, U01 AI088752, R25 TW009338, and D43 TW00919); the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (scholarships to A.M.K., M.M.O.S., A.S.T., and J.S.C.); and the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel, Brazil Ministry of Education (scholarships to M.K. and T.L.Q).

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Monaise M.O. Silva, Moreno S. Rodrigues, Igor A.D. Paploski, Mariana Kikuti, Amelia M. Kasper, Jaqueline S. Cruz, Tássia L. Queiroz, Aline S. Tavares, Perla M. Santana, Josélio M.G. Araújo, Albert I. Ko, Mitermayer Galvão Reis, and Guilherme S. RibeiroComments to Author 
Author affiliations: Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil (M.M.O. Silva, M.S. Rodrigues, I.A.D. Paploski, M. Kikuti, A.M. Kasper, J.S. Cruz, T.L. Queiroz, A.S. Tavares, P.M. Santana, A.I. Ko, M.G. Reis, G.S. Ribeiro); nstituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador (M.M.O Silva, I.A.D. Paploski, M. Kikuti, T.L. Queiroz, G.S. Ribeiro); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (J.M.G. Araújo); Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA (A.I. Ko, M.G. Reis, G.S. Ribeiro); Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador (M.G. Reis)

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References

  1. World Health Organization. Global strategy for dengue prevention and control 2012–2020. 2012 [cited 2015 Sep 21]. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/75303/1/9789241504034_eng.pdf?ua=1
  2. Bhatt  S, Gething  PW, Brady  OJ, Messina  JP, Farlow  AW, Moyes  CL, The global distribution and burden of dengue. Nature. 2013;496:5047. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Ministério da Saúde do Brasil. Assunto: nova classificação de caso de dengue—OMS. 2014 [cited 2015 Mar 2]. http://dtr2004.saude.gov.br/sinanweb
  4. Kittigul  L, Pitakarnjanakul  P, Sujirarat  D, Siripanichgon  K. The differences of clinical manifestations and laboratory findings in children and adults with dengue virus infection. J Clin Virol. 2007;39:7681. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Wang  CC, Lee  IK, Su  MC, Lin  HI, Huang  YC, Liu  SF, Differences in clinical and laboratory characteristics and disease severity between children and adults with dengue virus infection in Taiwan, 2002. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2009;103:8717 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Standish  K, Kuan  G, Avilés  W, Balmaseda  A, Harris  E. High dengue case capture rate in four years of a cohort study in Nicaragua compared to national surveillance data. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010;4:e633. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Wichmann  O, Yoon  I-K, Vong  S, Limkittikul  K, Gibbons  RV, Mammen  MP, Dengue in Thailand and Cambodia: an assessment of the degree of underrecognized disease burden based on reported cases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011;5:e996. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Vong  S, Goyet  S, Ly  S, Ngan  C, Huy  R, Duong  V, Under-recognition and reporting of dengue in Cambodia: a capture-recapture analysis of the National Dengue Surveillance System. Epidemiol Infect. 2012;140:4919. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Ministério da Saúde do Brasil. Dengue: notificações registradas no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação—SINAN, Brazil. 2012 [cited 2015 Mar 2]. http://dtr2004.saude.gov.br/sinanweb/tabnet/dh?sinannet/dengue/bases/denguebrnet.de
  10. Cardoso  CW, Paploski  IAD, Kikuti  M, Rodrigues  MS, Silva  MMO, Campos  GS, Outbreak of exanthematous illness associated with Zika, chikungunya, and dengue viruses, Salvador, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;21:22746. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar

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DOI: 10.3201/eid2202.150495

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Please use the form below to submit correspondence to the authors or contact them at the following address:

Guilherme S. Ribeiro, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Candeal, 40296-710 Salvador, BA, Brazil

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Page created: January 18, 2016
Page updated: January 18, 2016
Page reviewed: January 18, 2016
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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