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Volume 22, Number 2—February 2016
Research

Epidemiology of Serotype 1 Invasive Pneumococcal Disease, South Africa, 2003–2013

Claire von MollendorfComments to Author , Stefano Tempia, Cheryl Cohen, Susan Meiring, Linda de Gouveia, Vanessa Quan, Sarona Lengana, Alan Karstaedt, Halima Dawood, Sharona Seetharam, Ruth Lekalakala, Shabir A. Madhi, Keith P. Klugman, Anne von Gottberg, and for the Group for Enteric, Respiratory, and Meningeal Disease Surveillance in South Africa (GERMS-SA)
Author affiliations: National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa (C. von Mollendorf, C. Cohen, S. Tempia, S. Meiring, L. de Gouveia, V. Quan, S. Lengana, S.A. Madhi, K.P. Klugman, A. von Gottberg); University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (C. von Mollendorf, C. Cohen, A. Karstaedt, S. Seetharam, S.A. Madhi, A. von Gottberg); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S. Tempia), and Pretoria, South Africa (S. Tempia); Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, Johannesburg (A. Karstaedt, S. Seetharam); Pietermaritzburg Metropolitan Hospital, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa (H. Dawood); University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg (H. Dawood); National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg (S. Seetharam); National Health Laboratory Service, Polokwane, South Africa (R. Lekalakala); University of Limpopo, Polokwane (R. Lekalakala); Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (K.P. Klugman)

Main Article

Table 2

Factors associated with death in patients <5 years of age with serotype 1 invasive pneumococcal disease, South Africa, 2003–2013*

Variable Univariate analysis
 Multivariable analysis
No. deaths/no. cases (%) OR (95% CI) p value aOR (95% CI) p value
Age group, y
<1 102/355 (29) 11.49 (2.75–47.95) <0.001 12.06 (1.45–100.26) 0.02
1 22/154 (14) 4.75 (1.08–20.88) 3.83 (0.41–35.35)
2 11/94 (12) 3.78 (0.81–17.69) 1.30 (0.12–14.34)
3 6/73 (8) 2.55 (0.49–13.14) 1.40 (0.12–15.82)
4
 2/59 (3)
 Reference
Reference
Province
Gauteng 53/327 (16) Reference 0.001
Western Cape 15/111 (14) 0.81 (0.44–1.50)
KwaZulu-Natal 26/111 (23) 1.58 (0.93–2.68)
Eastern Cape 12/44 (27) 1.94 (0.94–4.01)
Free State 11/62 (18) 1.11 (0.55–2.28)
Mpumalanga 7/19 (37) 3.02 (1.13–8.01)
North-West 11/23 (48) 4.74 (1.99–11.30)
Limpopo 7/21 (33) 2.58 (1.00–6.71)
Northern Cape
 1/17 (6)
 0.32 (0.04–2.49)
Medical condition/treatment
Length of hospital stay, d
<3 94/209 (45) Reference <0.001 Reference <0.001
4–14 36/354 (10) 0.14 (0.09–0.21) 0.06 (0.03–0.15)
>15 10/160 (6) 0.08 (0.04–0.16) 0.02 (0.01–0.07)
Pitt bacteremia score†
0–3 102/608 (17) Reference <0.001
>4 16/28 (58) 6.61 (3.04–14.40)
Underlying medical condition‡
No 55/343 (16) Reference 0.19 Reference 0.003
Yes 33/158 (21) 1.38 (0.86–2.23) 3.21 (1.49–6.91)
Antimicrobial drug use in 24 h before admission
No 82/504 (16) Reference 0.05
Yes 15/56 (26) 1.88 (1.00–3.56)
HIV status
HIV-uninfected 37/252 (15) Reference 0.13 Reference 0.005
HIV-infected 52/263 (20) 1.43 (0.90–2.27) 2.82 (1.36–5.84)
Malnourished§
No 44/277 (16) Reference 0.03
Yes
 43/176 (24)
 1.71 (1.07–2.74)
Clinical syndrome/specimen type
Specimen type
CSF 59/166 (36) Reference <0.001
Blood 83/530 (16) 0.34 (0.23–0.50)
Other 1/39 (3) 0.05 (0.01–0.36)
Clinical syndrome¶
Meningitis 74/209 (35) Reference <0.001 Reference 0.0003
Pneumonia 50/410 (12) 0.25 (0.17–0.38) 0.25 (0.11–0.54)
Bacteremia 18/111 (16) 0.35 (0.20–0.63) 0.11 (0.03–0.42)

*All patients were reported from the enhanced Group for Enteric, Respiratory, and Meningeal Disease Surveillance in South Africa (GERMS-SA) surveillance sites. Only variables significant on univariate and multivariable analysis are shown. Variables not included in table are sex, year, previous hospital admission, prematurity, antimicrobial drug in previous 2 mo, and penicillin nonsusceptible invasive pneumococcal disease. aOR, adjusted odds ratio; OR, odds ratio.
†Pitt bacteremia score calculated using temperature, hypotension, mechanical ventilation, cardiac arrest and mental status. Severe disease defined as score of >4 points.
‡Includes asplenia or sickle cell anemia; chronic illness (i.e., chronic lung, renal, liver, cardiac disease, and diabetes); other immunocompromising conditions (i.e., organ transplant, primary immunodeficiency, immunotherapy, and malignancy, but excluding HIV); and other risk factors (i.e., head injury with possible cerebral spinal fluid leak, neurologic disorders, burns, and chromosomal abnormalities). Excludes malnutrition.
§Children with weight-for-age z-score of less than −2 (World Health Organization child growth standards 2009) (18), nutritional edema, or both.
¶Clinical diagnoses were made on the basis of documented discharge diagnoses in patient medical records, with clinical syndrome separated into 3 groups: meningitis, bacteremic pneumonia, and bacteremia without focus or other diagnosis (e.g., septic arthritis, endopthalmitis, peritonitis, pericarditis)

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