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Volume 25, Number 11—November 2019
Research

Comparison of Whole-Genome Sequences of Legionella pneumophila in Tap Water and in Clinical Strains, Flint, Michigan, USA, 2016

Emily Garner, Connor L. Brown, David Otto Schwake, William J. Rhoads, Gustavo Arango-Argoty, Liqing Zhang, Guillaume Jospin, David A. Coil, Jonathan A. Eisen, Marc A. Edwards, and Amy PrudenComments to Author 
Author affiliations: West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA (E. Garner); Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA (E. Garner, C.L. Brown, W.J. Rhoads, G. Arango-Argoty, L. Zhang, M.A. Edwards, A. Pruden); Methodist University, Fayetteville, North Carolina, USA (D.O. Schwake); University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA (G. Jospin, D.A. Coil, J.A. Eisen)

Main Article

Table 1

Total number of buildings sampled, number of samples collected, and number of isolates analyzed for Legionella, Flint, Michigan, USA*

Water sample source March 2016
 June 2016
 August 2016
No. buildings or samples No. (%) positive No. isolates analyzed No. buildings or samples No. (%) positive No. isolates analyzed No. buildings or samples No. (%) positive No. isolates analyzed
Flint residences 5 0 32† 2 (6) 10‡ 2 (20)
Hot (flushed) 5 0 0 62 2 (3) 3 14 1 (7) 1
Hot (stagnant) NS 62 2 (3) 4 NS
Cold (flushed) NS 61 1 (2) 2 NS
Cold (stagnant) 5 0 0 61 1 (2) 4 11 4 (36) 1
Water heater 
drain valve NS 62 1 (2) 5 NS
Shower (hot and 
cold)
 NS
62
 1 (2)
 2
3
 1 (33)
 1
Hospitals 1 1 (100) NS NS
Hot (flushed) 19 16 (84) 56 NS NS
Cold (stagnant)
 19
 6 (32)
 14
NS
NS
Buildings receiving DWSD water 4 0 NS 8 0
Hot (flushed) 4 0 0 NS 8 0 0
Cold (stagnant)
 4
 0
 0
NS
8
 0
 0
Flint large buildings 2 1 (50) NS NS
Hot (flushed) 5 0 0 NS NS
Cold (stagnant)
 5
 1 (20)
 1
NS
NS
Buildings receiving well water 1 1 (100) NS NS
Hot (flushed) 4 4 (100) 5§ NS NS
Cold (stagnant)
 3
 2 (67)
 4¶
NS
NS
Flint small businesses 6 0 NS 8 0
Hot (flushed) 6 0 0 NS 8 0 0
Cold (stagnant) 6 0 0 NS 8 0 0

*Positive samples indicate presumptive L. pneumophila identified by performing culture according to the method described in (12). Unless otherwise noted, identification as L. pneumophila was confirmed by using whole-genome sequencing. Boldface indicates total buildings sampled. Blank cells indicate that data were not reported when applicable samples were not collected. NS, no samples of this type were collected.
†1 of the 32 homes was also sampled in March 2016.
‡5 of the 10 homes were also sampled in March 2016; 1 of the 10 was sampled in June 2016 (but not in March 2016; samples from this house were positive on both dates).
§4 of 5 isolates were a non–L. pneumophila species, according to whole-genome sequencing.
¶4 of 4 isolates were a non–L. pneumophila species, according to whole-genome sequencing.

Main Article

Page created: October 15, 2019
Page updated: October 15, 2019
Page reviewed: October 15, 2019
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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