Volume 28, Supplement—December 2022
SUPPLEMENT ISSUE
Clinical
Clinical and Economic Impact of COVID-19 on Agricultural Workers, Guatemala1
Daniel Olson
, Diva M. Calvimontes, Molly M. Lamb, Gerber Guzman, Edgar Barrios, Andrea Chacon, Neudy Rojop, Kareen Arias, Melissa Gomez, Guillermo A. Bolanos, Jose Monzon, Anna N. Chard, Chelsea Iwamoto, Lindsey M. Duca, Nga Vuong, Melissa Fineman, Kelsey Lesteberg, David Beckham, Mario L. Santiago, Kendra Quicke, Gregory Ebel, Emily Zielinski Gutierrez, Eduardo Azziz-Baumgartner, Frederick G. Hayden, Hani Mansour, Kathryn Edwards, Lee S. Newman, and Edwin J. Asturias
, Diva M. Calvimontes, Molly M. Lamb, Gerber Guzman, Edgar Barrios, Andrea Chacon, Neudy Rojop, Kareen Arias, Melissa Gomez, Guillermo A. Bolanos, Jose Monzon, Anna N. Chard, Chelsea Iwamoto, Lindsey M. Duca, Nga Vuong, Melissa Fineman, Kelsey Lesteberg, David Beckham, Mario L. Santiago, Kendra Quicke, Gregory Ebel, Emily Zielinski Gutierrez, Eduardo Azziz-Baumgartner, Frederick G. Hayden, Hani Mansour, Kathryn Edwards, Lee S. Newman, and Edwin J. Asturias
Table 2
Comparison of self-reported outcomes in SARS-CoV-2‒positive ILI vs. SARs-CoV-2‒negative ILI in study of clinical and economic impact of COVID-19 in agricultural workers, Guatemala*
| Characteristic | Day 0 |
Day 7 |
Day 28 |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SARS-CoV-2 positive, n = 43 | SARS-CoV-2 negative, n = 110 | p value† | SARS-CoV-2 positive, n = 41 | SARS-CoV-2 negative, n = 103 | p value† | SARS-CoV-2 positive, n = 38 | SARS-CoV-2 negative, n = 97 | p value† | |||
| Clinical symptoms | |||||||||||
| No. days of fever, mean (SD) | 3.3 (2.0) | 2.3 (1.5) | <0.01 | 4.4 (2.8) | 3.3 (2.5) | 0.08 | 0.5 (0.0) | 3.4 (2.2) | 0.04 | ||
| No. days of cough, mean (SD) |
3.3 (1.9) |
3.6 (2.1) |
0.45 |
6.1 (2.3) |
5.1 (2.6) |
0.07 |
4.5 (4.9) |
5.1 (3.5) |
0.84 |
||
| Had in the past 24 h | |||||||||||
| Fever | 32 (74.4) | 60 (54.6) | 0.02 | 2 (4.9) | 11 (10.8) | 0.35 | 4 (10.5) | 4 (4.2) | 0.22 | ||
| Nasal congestion | 18 (41.9) | 39 (35.5) | 0.46 | 5 (12.2) | 17 (16.7) | 0.50 | 2 (5.3) | 6 (6.3) | 1.00 | ||
| Myalgia | 23 (53.5) | 46 (41.8) | 0.19 | 3 (7.3) | 10 (9.8) | 0.76 | 5 (13.2) | 6 (6.3) | 0.19 | ||
| Headache | 30 (69.8) | 55 (50.0) | 0.03 | 13 (31.7) | 21 (20.6) | 0.16 | 8 (21.1) | 14 (14.6) | 0.36 | ||
| Cough | 24 (55.8) | 39 (35.5) | 0.02 | 7 (17.5) | 14 (13.7) | 0.57 | 3 (7.9) | 7 (7.3) | 1.00 | ||
| Sore throat | 15 (34.9) | 50 (45.5) | 0.23 | 6 (14.6) | 14 (13.7) | 0.89 | 4 (10.5) | 7 (7.3) | 0.51 | ||
| Dysgeusia | 21 (48.8) | 27 (24.6) | <0.01 | 8 (19.5) | 6 (5.9) | 0.01 | 3 (7.9) | 2 (2.1) | 0.14 | ||
| Expectoration | 16 (37.2) | 45 (40.9) | 0.67 | 12 (29.3) | 18 (17.7) | 0.12 | 7 (10.5) | 8 (8.3) | 0.74 | ||
| Fatigue | 24 (55.8) | 30 (27.3) | <0.01 | 7 (17.1) | 11 (10.8) | 0.31 | 6 (15.8) | 5 (5.2) | 0.04 | ||
| Anosmia | 19 (44.2) | 19 (17.3) | <0.01 | 9 (22.0) | 3 (2.9) | <0.01 | 3 (7.9) | 2 (2.1) | 0.14 | ||
| Loss of appetite | 17 (39.5) | 31 (28.2) | 0.17 | 4 (9.8) | 5 (4.9) | 0.28 | 1 (2.6) | 2 (2.1) | 1.00 | ||
| Dyspnea | 13 (30.2) | 25 (22.9) | 0.35 | 4 (9.8) | 5 (4.9) | 0.28 | 4 (10.8) | 1 (1.0) | 0.02 | ||
| Neck pain | 14 (33.3) | 18 (16.4) | 0.02 | 6 (14.6) | 5 (4.9) | 0.05 | 4 (10.5) | 4 (4.2) | 0.22 | ||
| Interrupted sleep | 11 (25.6) | 19 (17.3) | 0.24 | 8 (19.5) | 6 (5.9) | 0.01 | 3 (7.9) | 4 (4.2) | 0.40 | ||
| Wheezing |
4 (9.5) |
14 (12.7) |
0.78 |
1 (2.4) |
5 (4.9) |
0.67 |
4 (10.5) |
1 (1.0) |
0.02 |
||
| Well-being‡ | |||||||||||
| Had difficulty in past 24 h | |||||||||||
| Getting out of bed | 16 (37.2) | 26 (23.6) | 0.09 | 5 (12.2) | 4 (3.9) | 0.12 | 2 (5.3) | 4 (4.2) | 1.00 | ||
| Preparing meals | 8 (18.6) | 10 (9.1) | 0.10 | 3 (7.3) | 1 (1.0) | 0.07 | 2 (5.3) | 2 (2.1) | 0.32 | ||
| Performing usual tasks… | 16 (37.2) | 27 (24.6) | 0.12 | 4 (9.8) | 3 (2.9) | 0.10 | 3 (7.9) | 3 (3.1) | 0.35 | ||
| Leaving the home | 13 (30.2) | 14 (12.7) | 0.01 | 6 (14.6) | 0 | <0.01 | 2 (5.3) | 2 (2.1) | 0.32 | ||
| Concentrating | 18 (41.9) | 23 (20.9) | 0.01 | 4 (9.8) | 2 (2.0) | 0.06 | 2 (5.3) | 5 (5.2) | 1.00 | ||
| Taking care of things | 16 (37.2) | 13 (11.7) | <0.01 | 4 (9.8) | 0 | 0.01 | 2 (5.3) | 4 (4.2) | 1.00 | ||
| Leaving the room | 9 (20.9) | 14 (12.7) | 0.20 | 4 (9.7) | 0 | 0.01 | 2 (5.3) | 2 (2.1) | 0.32 | ||
| Had in past 24 h | |||||||||||
| Irritable | 25 (58.1) | 37 (33.6) | 0.01 | 4 (9.8) | 8 (7.8) | 0.74 | 4 (10.5) | 6 (6.3) | 0.47 | ||
| Defenseless | 18 (41.9) | 20 (18.2) | <0.01 | 5 (12.2) | 5 (4.9) | 0.12 | 3 (7.9) | 3 (3.1) | 0.35 | ||
| Worried | 19 (44.2) | 35 (31.8) | 0.15 | 13 (31.7) | 8 (7.8) | <0.01 | 5 (13.2) | 10 (10.4) | 0.65 | ||
| Frustrated | 15 (34.9) | 16 (14.6) | <0.01 | 3 (7.3) | 6 (5.9) | 0.72 | 2 (5.3) | 5 (5.2) | 1.00 | ||
| People worrying | 30 (69.8) | 57 (51.8) | 0.04 | 18 (43.9) | 21 (20.6) | <0.01 | 11 (29.0) | 18 (18.8) | 0.20 | ||
| Being a burden | 13 (30.2) | 30 (27.3) | 0.71 | 9 (22.0) | 10 (9.8) | 0.05 | 5 (13.2) | 9 (9.4) | 0.52 | ||
| People being a burden | 13 (30.2) | 24 (21.8) | 0.27 | 8 (19.5) | 8 (7.8) | 0.05 | 7 (18.4) | 7 (8.3) | 0.10 | ||
| Dependent | 16 (37.2) | 23 (20.9) | 0.04 | 10 (24.4) | 9 (8.8) | 0.01 | 6 (15.8) | 10 (10.4) | 0.39 | ||
| People have to do extra things |
15 (34.9) |
21 (19.1) |
0.04 |
10 (24.4) |
10 (9.8) |
0.02 |
8 (21.1) |
8 (8.3) |
0.04 |
||
| FluiiQ severity scores§ | |||||||||||
| Systemic score | 0.87 (0.68) | 0.52 (0.55) | <0.01 | 0.21 (0.35) | 0.12 (0.24) | 0.19 | 0.13 (0.31) | 0.09 (0.28) | 0.41 | ||
| Respiratory score | 0.50 (0.43) | 0.47 (0.45) | 0.64 | 0.16 (0.28) | 0.16 (0.32) | 0.99 | 0.14 (0.4)/// | 0.08 (0.21) | 0.41 | ||
| Impact on daily activities | 0.50 (0.85) | 0.22 (0.40) | 0.01 | 0.14 (0.40) | 0.02 (0.08) | 0.05 | 0.06 (0.21) | 0.04 (0.20) | 0.71 | ||
| Impact on emotions score | 0.62 (0.57) | 0.31 (0.45) | <0.01 | 0.17 (0.34) | 0.07 (0.22) | 0.09 | 0.20 (0.24) | 0.08 (0.23) | 0.60 | ||
| Impact on others score |
0.65 (0.65) |
0.44 (0.64) |
0.08 |
0.37 (0.52) |
0.16 (0.40) |
0.03 |
0.25 (0.47) |
0.16 (0.41) |
0.27 |
||
| Epidemiology | |||||||||||
| No. in house with similar illness in past 2 wks | 0.30 (0.64) | 0.13 (0.36) | 0.10 | 0.34 (0.62) | 0.17 (0.49) | 0.09 | 0.11 (0.39) | 0.14 (0.41) | 0.61 | ||
| Index case in house, no. (%) | |||||||||||
| Self | 35 (81.4) | 97 (88.2) | 0.13 | 34 (82.9) | 96 (94.1) | 0.10 | 33 (86.8) | 90 (93.8) | 0.24 | ||
| Spouse | 2 (4.7) | 3 (2.7) | 1 (2.4) | 1 (1.0) | 1 (2.6) | 1 (1.0) | |||||
| Parent | 0 | 2 (1.8) | 1 (2.4) | 1 (1.0) | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Sibling | 3 (7.0) | 3 (2.7) | 3 (7.3) | 2 (2.0) | 3 (7.9) | 3 (3.1) | |||||
| Cousin | 1 (2.3) | 0 | 1 (2.4) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Child | 0 | 4 (3.6) | 0 | 1 (1.0) | 0 | 2 (2.1) | |||||
*Values are no. (%) except as indicated. ILI, influenza-like illness. †p values are for t-tests for continuous variables and χ2 test for categorical variables. ‡Items truncated per FluiiQ licensing agreement; full items available from the author. §Higher scores indicate worse outcomes.
1An abstract of this article was presented at the Virtual Meeting of the International Society for Influenza and Other Respiratory Virus Diseases, October 19‒21, 2021; and at the 70th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, National Harbor, Maryland, USA, November 17‒21, 2021.
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