Volume 28, Number 7—July 2022
Research Letter
Mental Health Conditions and Severe COVID-19 Outcomes after Hospitalization, United States
Alain K. Koyama
, Emilia H. Koumans, Kanta Sircar, Amy M. Lavery, Jean Y. Ko, Joy Hsu, Kayla N. Anderson, and David A. Siegel
, Emilia H. Koumans, Kanta Sircar, Amy M. Lavery, Jean Y. Ko, Joy Hsu, Kayla N. Anderson, and David A. Siegel
Table
Characteristics of 664,956 hospitalized COVID-19 patients, by mental health condition diagnosis, from the Premier Healthcare Database Special COVID-19 Release, United States, March 2020–July 2021*
| Parameter | No. (%) patients |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No mental health conditions | Anxiety | Depression | Bipolar disorder | Schizophrenia | |
| Total |
485,784 (73.1) |
114,902 (17.3) |
96,167 (14.5) |
15,370 (2.3) |
12,304 (1.9) |
| Patient characteristics | |||||
| Age group, y | |||||
| 0–17 | 5,415 (1.1) | 608 (0.5) | 584 (0.6) | 97 (0.6) | 25 (0.2) |
| 18–39 | 61,751 (12.7) | 11,584 (10.1) | 7,598 (7.9) | 2,527 (16.4) | 1,421 (11.5) |
| 40–49 | 50,127 (10.3) | 11,863 (10.3) | 7,949 (8.3) | 1,996 (13.0) | 1,095 (8.9) |
| 50–64 | 129,896 (26.7) | 33,511 (29.2) | 26,320 (27.4) | 5,455 (35.5) | 4,251 (34.5) |
| 65–74 | 101,996 (21.0) | 26,561 (23.1) | 23,756 (24.7) | 3,298 (21.5) | 3,512 (28.5) |
| >75 | 136,599 (28.1) | 30,775 (26.8) | 29,960 (31.2) | 1,997 (13.0) | 2,000 (16.3) |
| Sex | |||||
| F | 218,428 (45.0) | 70,105 (61.0) | 59,327 (61.7) | 9,032 (58.8) | 5,682 (46.2) |
| M | 267,356 (55.0) | 44,797 (39.0) | 36,840 (38.3) | 6,338 (41.2) | 6,622 (53.8) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 241,534 (49.7) | 78,634 (68.4) | 67,015 (69.7) | 10,267 (66.8) | 6,409 (52.1) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 93,192 (19.2) | 14,482 (12.6) | 12,736 (13.2) | 2,743 (17.8) | 3,644 (29.6) |
| Hispanic | 94,476 (19.4) | 13,783 (12.0) | 9,955 (10.4) | 1,348 (8.8) | 1,158 (9.4) |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 13,989 (2.9) | 1,446 (1.3) | 1,054 (1.1) | 122 (0.8) | 192 (1.6) |
| Other or unknown† | 42,593 (8.8) | 6,557 (5.7) | 5,407 (5.6) | 890 (5.8) | 901 (7.3) |
| Health insurance | |||||
| Medicare | 236,378 (48.7) | 65,874 (57.3) | 61,486 (63.9) | 8,787 (57.2) | 8,264 (67.2) |
| Medicaid | 71,593 (14.7) | 15,960 (13.9) | 12,591 (13.1) | 3,908 (25.4) | 2,969 (24.1) |
| Private | 133,735 (27.5) | 26,102 (22.7) | 17,015 (17.7) | 1,817 (11.8) | 493 (4.0) |
| Other† | 44,078 (9.1) | 6,966 (6.1) | 5,075 (5.3) | 858 (5.6) | 578 (4.7) |
| Admission month | |||||
| 2020 Mar or earlier | 16,773 (3.5) | 2,350 (2.0) | 1,981 (2.1) | 344 (2.2) | 481 (3.9) |
| 2020 Apr–Jun | 70,536 (14.5) | 12,946 (11.3) | 11,968 (12.4) | 2,578 (16.8) | 2,959 (24.0) |
| 2020 Jul–Sep | 72,514 (14.9) | 15,462 (13.5) | 12,696 (13.2) | 2,090 (13.6) | 1,749 (14.2) |
| 2020 Oct–Dec | 149,494 (30.8) | 40,166 (35.0) | 34,329 (35.7) | 4,830 (31.4) | 3,651 (29.7) |
| 2021 Jan–Mar | 118,438 (24.4) | 29,742 (25.9) | 24,432 (25.4) | 3,686 (24.0) | 2,440 (19.8) |
| 2021 Apr–Jun | 46,674 (9.6) | 11,904 (10.4) | 9,076 (9.4) | 1,587 (10.3) | 863 (7.0) |
| 2021 Jul | 11,355 (2.3) | 2,332 (2.0) | 1,685 (1.8) | 255 (1.7) | 161 (1.3) |
| Elixhauser Comorbidity Index‡ |
4.0 (9.2) |
6.2 (10.6) |
6.9 (10.8) |
5.7 (9.7) |
6.4 (9.6) |
| Hospital characteristics | |||||
| Urbanicity | |||||
| Urban | 585,009 (88.0) | 429,073 (88.3) | 99,530 (86.6) | 83,505 (86.8) | 13,682 (89.0) |
| Rural | 79,947 (12.0) | 56,711 (11.7) | 15,372 (13.4) | 12,662 (13.2) | 1,688 (11.0) |
| Region | |||||
| East North Central | 8,534 (1.8) | 3,738 (3.3) | 3,193 (3.3) | 487 (3.2) | 427 (3.5) |
| East South Central | 79,512 (16.4) | 15,288 (13.3) | 13,917 (14.5) | 2,567 (16.7) | 2,669 (21.7) |
| Middle Atlantic | 73,667 (15.2) | 21,736 (18.9) | 18,361 (19.1) | 3,052 (19.9) | 2,236 (18.2) |
| Mountain | 19,812 (4.1) | 6,684 (5.8) | 6,544 (6.8) | 747 (4.9) | 520 (4.2) |
| New England | 133,540 (27.5) | 30,544 (26.6) | 23,226 (24.2) | 3,778 (24.6) | 2,965 (24.1) |
| Pacific | 32,915 (6.8) | 9,537 (8.3) | 7,610 (7.9) | 957 (6.2) | 608 (4.9) |
| South Atlantic | 64,156 (13.2) | 13,504 (11.8) | 11,708 (12.2) | 1,753 (11.4) | 1,290 (10.5) |
| West North Central | 39,377 (8.1) | 8,394 (7.3) | 6,840 (7.1) | 1,180 (7.7) | 727 (5.9) |
| West South Central | 34,271 (7.1) | 5,477 (4.8) | 4,768 (5.0) | 849 (5.5) | 862 (7.0) |
*Values are no. (%) except as indicated. †Missing values, when present, are categorized in the other category. ‡Higher values suggest a higher degree of comorbidity. Expressed as mean (+SD).
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