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Issue Cover for Volume 7, Number 6—December 2001

Volume 7, Number 6—December 2001

[PDF - 2.53 MB - 164 pages]

Perspective

Could Malaria Reappear in Italy? [PDF - 30 KB - 5 pages]
R. Romi et al.

Because of concern about the possible reintroduction of malaria transmission in Italy, we analyzed the epidemiologic factors involved and determined the country's malariogenic potential. Some rural areas in central and southern Italy have high receptivity because of the presence of potential malaria vectors. Anopheles labranchiae is probably susceptible to infection with Plasmodium vivax strains, but less likely to be susceptible to infection with P. falciparum. Its vulnerability is low because of the low presence of gametocyte carriers (imported cases) during the season climatically favorable to transmission. The overall malariogenic potential of Italy appears to be low, and reintroduction of malaria is unlikely in most of the country. However, our investigations showed that the malaria situation merits ongoing epidemiologic surveillance.

EID Romi R, Sabatinelli G, Majori G. Could Malaria Reappear in Italy?. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(6):915-919. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010601
AMA Romi R, Sabatinelli G, Majori G. Could Malaria Reappear in Italy?. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001;7(6):915-919. doi:10.3201/eid0706.010601.
APA Romi, R., Sabatinelli, G., & Majori, G. (2001). Could Malaria Reappear in Italy?. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7(6), 915-919. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010601.

Developing New Smallpox Vaccines [PDF - 41 KB - 7 pages]
S. R. Rosenthal et al.

New stockpiles of smallpox vaccine are required as a contingency for protecting civilian and military personnel against deliberate dissemination of smallpox virus by terrorists or unfriendly governments. The smallpox vaccine in the current stockpile consists of a live animal poxvirus (Vaccinia virus [VACV]) that was grown on the skin of calves. Because of potential issues with controlling this earlier manufacturing process, which included scraping VACV lesions from calfskin, new vaccines are being developed and manufactured by using viral propagation on well-characterized cell substrates. We describe, from a regulatory perspective, the various strains of VACV, the adverse events associated with calf lymph-propagated smallpox vaccine, the issues regarding selection and use of cell substrates for vaccine production, and the issues involved in demonstrating evidence of safety and efficacy.

EID Rosenthal SR, Merchlinsky M, Kleppinger C, Goldenthal KL. Developing New Smallpox Vaccines. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(6):920-926. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010602
AMA Rosenthal SR, Merchlinsky M, Kleppinger C, et al. Developing New Smallpox Vaccines. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001;7(6):920-926. doi:10.3201/eid0706.010602.
APA Rosenthal, S. R., Merchlinsky, M., Kleppinger, C., & Goldenthal, K. L. (2001). Developing New Smallpox Vaccines. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7(6), 920-926. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010602.
Synopses

Trichomonas vaginalis, HIV, and African-Americans [PDF - 46 KB - 7 pages]
F. J. Sorvillo et al.

Trichomonas vaginalis may be emerging as one of the most important cofactors in amplifying HIV transmission, particularly in African-American communities of the United States. In a person co-infected with HIV, the pathology induced by T. vaginalis infection can increase HIV shedding. Trichomonas infection may also act to expand the portal of entry for HIV in an HIV-negative person. Studies from Africa have suggested that T. vaginalis infection may increase the rate of HIV transmission by approximately twofold. Available data indicate that T. vaginalis is highly prevalent among African-Americans in major urban centers of the United States and is often the most common sexually transmitted infection in black women. Even if T. vaginalis increases the risk of HIV transmission by a small amount, this could translate into an important amplifying effect since Trichomonas is so common. Substantial HIV transmission may be attributable to T. vaginalis in African-American communities of the United States.

EID Sorvillo FJ, Smith L, Kerndt P, Ash L. Trichomonas vaginalis, HIV, and African-Americans. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(6):927-932. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010603
AMA Sorvillo FJ, Smith L, Kerndt P, et al. Trichomonas vaginalis, HIV, and African-Americans. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001;7(6):927-932. doi:10.3201/eid0706.010603.
APA Sorvillo, F. J., Smith, L., Kerndt, P., & Ash, L. (2001). Trichomonas vaginalis, HIV, and African-Americans. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7(6), 927-932. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010603.
Research

Bioterrorism-Related Inhalational Anthrax: The First 10 Cases Reported in the United States [PDF - 316 KB - 12 pages]
J. A. Jernigan et al.

From October 4 to November 2, 2001, the first 10 confirmed cases of inhalational anthrax caused by intentional release of Bacillus anthracis were identified in the United States. Epidemiologic investigation indicated that the outbreak, in the District of Columbia, Florida, New Jersey, and New York, resulted from intentional delivery of B. anthracis spores through mailed letters or packages. We describe the clinical presentation and course of these cases of bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax. The median age of patients was 56 years (range 43 to 73 years), 70% were male, and except for one, all were known or believed to have processed, handled, or received letters containing B. anthracis spores. The median incubation period from the time of exposure to onset of symptoms, when known (n=6), was 4 days (range 4 to 6 days). Symptoms at initial presentation included fever or chills (n=10), sweats (n=7), fatigue or malaise (n=10), minimal or nonproductive cough (n=9), dyspnea (n=8), and nausea or vomiting (n=9). The median white blood cell count was 9.8 X 103 /mm3 (range 7.5 to 13.3), often with increased neutrophils and band forms. Nine patients had elevated serum transaminase levels, and six were hypoxic. All 10 patients had abnormal chest X-rays; abnormalities included infiltrates (n=7), pleural effusion (n=8), and mediastinal widening (seven patients). Computed tomography of the chest was performed on eight patients, and mediastinal lymphadenopathy was present in seven. With multidrug antibiotic regimens and supportive care, survival of patients (60%) was markedly higher (<15%) than previously reported.

EID Jernigan JA, Stephens DS, Ashford DA, Omenaca C, Topiel MS, Galbraith M, et al. Bioterrorism-Related Inhalational Anthrax: The First 10 Cases Reported in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(6):933-944. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010604
AMA Jernigan JA, Stephens DS, Ashford DA, et al. Bioterrorism-Related Inhalational Anthrax: The First 10 Cases Reported in the United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001;7(6):933-944. doi:10.3201/eid0706.010604.
APA Jernigan, J. A., Stephens, D. S., Ashford, D. A., Omenaca, C., Topiel, M. S., Galbraith, M....Perkins, B. A. (2001). Bioterrorism-Related Inhalational Anthrax: The First 10 Cases Reported in the United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7(6), 933-944. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010604.

Advanced Age a Risk Factor for Illness Temporally Associated with Yellow Fever Vaccination [PDF - 70 KB - 7 pages]
M. Martin et al.

In 1998, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was notified of severe illnesses and one death, temporally associated with yellow fever (YF) vaccination, in two elderly U.S. residents. Because the cases were unusual and adverse events following YF vaccination had not been studied, we estimated age-related reporting rates for systemic illness following YF vaccination. We found that the rate of reported adverse events among elderly vaccinees was higher than among vaccinees 25 to 44 years of age. We also found two additional deaths among elderly YF vaccinees. These data signal a potential problem but are not sufficient to reliably estimate incidence rates or to understand potential underlying mechanisms; therefore, enhanced surveillance is needed. YF remains an important cause of severe illness and death, and travel to disease-endemic regions is increasing. For elderly travelers, the risk for severe illness and death due to YF infection should be balanced against the risk for systemic illness due to YF vaccine.

EID Martin M, Weld LH, Tsai TF, Mootrey GT, Chen RT, Niu M, et al. Advanced Age a Risk Factor for Illness Temporally Associated with Yellow Fever Vaccination. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(6):945-951. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010605
AMA Martin M, Weld LH, Tsai TF, et al. Advanced Age a Risk Factor for Illness Temporally Associated with Yellow Fever Vaccination. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001;7(6):945-951. doi:10.3201/eid0706.010605.
APA Martin, M., Weld, L. H., Tsai, T. F., Mootrey, G. T., Chen, R. T., Niu, M....Cetron, M. S. (2001). Advanced Age a Risk Factor for Illness Temporally Associated with Yellow Fever Vaccination. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7(6), 945-951. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010605.

Rapid Identification of Bordetella pertussis Pertactin Gene Variants Using LightCycler Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Combined with Melting Curve Analysis and Gel Electrophoresis
J. Mäkinen et al.

Recently, eight allelic variants of the pertactin gene (prn1-8) have been characterized in Bordetella pertussis strains isolated in Europe and the United States. It has been suggested that the divergence of the pertactin types of clinical isolates from those of the B. pertussis vaccine strains is a result of vaccine-driven evolution. Sequencing of the prn, which is relatively time-consuming, has so far been the only method for the differentiation of prn types. We have developed a rapid real-time polymerase chain reaction assay suitable for large-scale screening of the prn type of the circulating strains. This method correctly identified the prn type of all tested 41 clinical isolates and two Finnish vaccine strains. The method is simple and reliable and provides an alternative for sequencing in pertussis research.

EID Mäkinen J, Viljanen MK, Mertsola J, Arvilommi H, He Q. Rapid Identification of Bordetella pertussis Pertactin Gene Variants Using LightCycler Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Combined with Melting Curve Analysis and Gel Electrophoresis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(6):952-958. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010606
AMA Mäkinen J, Viljanen MK, Mertsola J, et al. Rapid Identification of Bordetella pertussis Pertactin Gene Variants Using LightCycler Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Combined with Melting Curve Analysis and Gel Electrophoresis. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001;7(6):952-958. doi:10.3201/eid0706.010606.
APA Mäkinen, J., Viljanen, M. K., Mertsola, J., Arvilommi, H., & He, Q. (2001). Rapid Identification of Bordetella pertussis Pertactin Gene Variants Using LightCycler Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Combined with Melting Curve Analysis and Gel Electrophoresis. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7(6), 952-958. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010606.

Modeling Potential Responses to Smallpox as a Bioterrorist Weapon [PDF - 104 KB - 11 pages]
M. I. Meltzer et al.

We constructed a mathematical model to describe the spread of smallpox after a deliberate release of the virus. Assuming 100 persons initially infected and 3 persons infected per infectious person, quarantine alone could stop disease transmission but would require a minimum daily removal rate of 50% of those with overt symptoms. Vaccination would stop the outbreak within 365 days after release only if disease transmission were reduced to <0.85 persons infected per infectious person. A combined vaccination and quarantine campaign could stop an outbreak if a daily quarantine rate of 25% were achieved and vaccination reduced smallpox transmission by >33%. In such a scenario, approximately 4,200 cases would occur and 365 days would be needed to stop the outbreak. Historical data indicate that a median of 2,155 smallpox vaccine doses per case were given to stop outbreaks, implying that a stockpile of 40 million doses should be adequate.

EID Meltzer MI, Damon IK, LeDuc JW, Millar JD. Modeling Potential Responses to Smallpox as a Bioterrorist Weapon. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(6):959-969. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010607
AMA Meltzer MI, Damon IK, LeDuc JW, et al. Modeling Potential Responses to Smallpox as a Bioterrorist Weapon. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001;7(6):959-969. doi:10.3201/eid0706.010607.
APA Meltzer, M. I., Damon, I. K., LeDuc, J. W., & Millar, J. D. (2001). Modeling Potential Responses to Smallpox as a Bioterrorist Weapon. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7(6), 959-969. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010607.

Hepatitis E Virus Sequences in Swine Related to Sequences in Humans, the Netherlands [PDF - 77 KB - 7 pages]
W. H. van der Poel et al.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV), a major cause of viral hepatitis in much of the developing world, has recently been detected in swine in North America and Asia, raising concern about potential for zoonotic transmission. To investigate if HEV is commonly present in swine in the Netherlands, pooled stool samples from 115 swine farms and nine individual pigs with diarrhea were assayed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification. HEV RNA was detected by RT-PCR and hybridization in 25 (22%) of the pooled specimens, but in none of the individual samples. RT-PCR amplification products of open reading frames 1 and 2 were sequenced, and the results were compared with published sequences of HEV genotypes from humans and swine. HEV strains from swine in the Netherlands were clustered in at least two groups, together with European and American isolates from swine and humans. Our data show that HEV in swine in the Netherlands are genetically closely related to HEV isolates from humans. Although zoonotic transmission has not been proven, these findings suggest that swine may be reservoir hosts of HEV.

EID van der Poel WH, Verschoor F, van der Heide R, Herrera M, Vivo A, Kooreman M, et al. Hepatitis E Virus Sequences in Swine Related to Sequences in Humans, the Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(6):970-976. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010608
AMA van der Poel WH, Verschoor F, van der Heide R, et al. Hepatitis E Virus Sequences in Swine Related to Sequences in Humans, the Netherlands. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001;7(6):970-976. doi:10.3201/eid0706.010608.
APA van der Poel, W. H., Verschoor, F., van der Heide, R., Herrera, M., Vivo, A., Kooreman, M....Husman, A. M. (2001). Hepatitis E Virus Sequences in Swine Related to Sequences in Humans, the Netherlands. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7(6), 970-976. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010608.

Effect of Prevention Measures on Incidence of Human Listeriosis, France, 1987-1997 [PDF - 58 KB - 7 pages]
V. Goulet et al.

To assess the impact of preventive measures by the food industry, we analyzed food monitoring data as well as trends in the incidence of listeriosis estimated through three independent sources: the National Reference Center of Listeriosis; a laboratory-based active surveillance network; and two consecutive nationwide surveys of public hospital laboratories. From 1987 to 1997, the incidence of listeriosis decreased by an estimated 68%. A substantial reduction in the proportion of Listeria monocytogenes-contaminated products was observed at the retail level. The temporal relationship between prevention measures by the food industry, reduction in L. monocytogenes-contaminated foodstuffs, and reduction in listeriosis incidence suggests a causal relationship and indicates that a substantial part of the reduction in illness is related to prevention efforts.

EID Goulet V, de Valk H, Pierre O, Stainer F, Rocourt J, Vaillant V, et al. Effect of Prevention Measures on Incidence of Human Listeriosis, France, 1987-1997. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(6):983-989. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010610
AMA Goulet V, de Valk H, Pierre O, et al. Effect of Prevention Measures on Incidence of Human Listeriosis, France, 1987-1997. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001;7(6):983-989. doi:10.3201/eid0706.010610.
APA Goulet, V., de Valk, H., Pierre, O., Stainer, F., Rocourt, J., Vaillant, V....Desenclos, J. (2001). Effect of Prevention Measures on Incidence of Human Listeriosis, France, 1987-1997. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7(6), 983-989. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010610.

The Changing Epidemiology of Leptospirosis in Israel [PDF - 47 KB - 3 pages]
R. Kariv et al.

We reviewed all serologically confirmed cases of leptospirosis from 1985 to 1999 in Israel, where the disease is endemic. There were 59 cases, with an average annual incidence of 0.05/100,000. The dominant serogroup, Leptospira icterohemorrhagica, occurred in 29% of patients; in an earlier study (1970-1979), it accounted for only 2%. Serogroups that occurred mainly in rural areas accounted previously for 79% but had declined to 32%.

EID Kariv R, Klempfner R, Barnea A, Sidi Y, Schwartz E. The Changing Epidemiology of Leptospirosis in Israel. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(6):990-992. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010611
AMA Kariv R, Klempfner R, Barnea A, et al. The Changing Epidemiology of Leptospirosis in Israel. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001;7(6):990-992. doi:10.3201/eid0706.010611.
APA Kariv, R., Klempfner, R., Barnea, A., Sidi, Y., & Schwartz, E. (2001). The Changing Epidemiology of Leptospirosis in Israel. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7(6), 990-992. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010611.

The Changing Epidemiology of Malaria in Minnesota [PDF - 29 KB - 3 pages]
S. A. Seys and J. B. Bender

Malaria cases reported to the Minnesota Department of Health increased from 5 in 1988 to 76 in 1998, paralleling the number of immigrants to Minnesota. In 20% of cases, the Plasmodium species was not identified; 44% of cases were hospitalized. The public health community needs to reevaluate current recommendations for refugee screening, provider and patient education, and laboratory capacity.

EID Seys SA, Bender JB. The Changing Epidemiology of Malaria in Minnesota. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(6):993-995. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010612
AMA Seys SA, Bender JB. The Changing Epidemiology of Malaria in Minnesota. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001;7(6):993-995. doi:10.3201/eid0706.010612.
APA Seys, S. A., & Bender, J. B. (2001). The Changing Epidemiology of Malaria in Minnesota. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7(6), 993-995. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010612.

Reduced Fluoroquinolone Susceptibility in Salmonella enterica Serotypes in Travelers Returning from Southeast Asia [PDF - 68 KB - 8 pages]
A. Hakanen et al.

During 1995 to 1999, we collected 1,210 Salmonella isolates; 629 were from Finnish travelers returning from abroad. These isolates were tested for susceptibility by determining MICs to ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, and seven additional antimicrobial agents. From 1995 to 1999, the annual proportion of reduced ciprofloxacin susceptibility (MIC > 0.125 µg/mL) among all travelers' isolates increased from 3.9% to 23.5% (p<0.001). The increasing trend was outstanding among the isolates from Southeast Asia; isolates from Thailand alone increased from 5.6% to 50.0% (p<0.001). The reduced fluoroquinolone susceptibility was nonclonal in character and significantly associated with multidrug resistance. A point mutation in the quinolone resistance-determining region of gyrA was present in all isolates with reduced susceptibility. These data provide further evidence for the rapid spread of multidrug-resistant pathogens from one continent to another.

EID Hakanen A, Kotilainen P, Huovinen P, Helenius H, Siitonen A. Reduced Fluoroquinolone Susceptibility in Salmonella enterica Serotypes in Travelers Returning from Southeast Asia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(6):996-1003. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010613
AMA Hakanen A, Kotilainen P, Huovinen P, et al. Reduced Fluoroquinolone Susceptibility in Salmonella enterica Serotypes in Travelers Returning from Southeast Asia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001;7(6):996-1003. doi:10.3201/eid0706.010613.
APA Hakanen, A., Kotilainen, P., Huovinen, P., Helenius, H., & Siitonen, A. (2001). Reduced Fluoroquinolone Susceptibility in Salmonella enterica Serotypes in Travelers Returning from Southeast Asia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7(6), 996-1003. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010613.

The Serologic Response to Cryptosporidium in HIV-Infected Persons: Implications for Epidemiologic Research [PDF - 70 KB - 6 pages]
J. Eisenberg et al.

Advances in serologic assays for Cryptosporidium parvum have made serology an attractive surveillance tool. The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of these new assays for surveillance of immunocompromised populations, however, have not been reported. Using stored serum specimens collected for the San Francisco Men's Health Study, we conducted a case-control study with 11 clinically confirmed cases of cryptosporidiosis. Based on assays using a 27-kDa antigen (CP23), the serum specimens from cases had a median response immunoglobulin (Ig) G level following clinical diagnosis (1,334) and a net response (433, change in IgG level from baseline) that were significantly higher than their respective control values (329 and -32, Wilcoxon p value = 0.01). Receiver operator curves estimated a cutoff of 625 U as the optimal sensitivity (0.86 [0.37, 1.0]) and specificity (0.86 [0.37, 1.0]) for predicting Cryptosporidium infection. These data suggest that the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique can be an effective epidemiologic tool to monitor Cryptosporidium infection in immunocompromised populations.

EID Eisenberg J, Priest JW, Lammie PJ, Colford JM. The Serologic Response to Cryptosporidium in HIV-Infected Persons: Implications for Epidemiologic Research. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(6):1004-1009. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010614
AMA Eisenberg J, Priest JW, Lammie PJ, et al. The Serologic Response to Cryptosporidium in HIV-Infected Persons: Implications for Epidemiologic Research. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001;7(6):1004-1009. doi:10.3201/eid0706.010614.
APA Eisenberg, J., Priest, J. W., Lammie, P. J., & Colford, J. M. (2001). The Serologic Response to Cryptosporidium in HIV-Infected Persons: Implications for Epidemiologic Research. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7(6), 1004-1009. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010614.

rpoB Gene Mutations in Rifampin-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Identified by Polymerase Chain Reaction Single-Stranded Conformational Polymorphism [PDF - 42 KB - 4 pages]
M. Bobadilla-del-Valle et al.

The use of polymerase chain reaction-single-stranded conformational polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) to study rpoB gene mutations in rifampin-resistant (RIFr) Mycobacterium tuberculosis has yielded contradictory results. To determine the sensitivity of this method, we analyzed 35 RIFr strains and 11 rifampin-susceptible (RIFs) strains, using the DNA sequencing of the core region of rpoB for comparison. Of the RIFr, 24 had a PCR-SSCP pattern identical to that of H37Rv; the other 11 had four different patterns. The 11 RIFs had PCR-SSCP patterns identical to that of H37Rv. The sensitivity of the assay was 31.4%; its specificity was 100%. We observed a strong correlation between the degree of resistance and the type of mutation.

EID Bobadilla-del-Valle M, Ponce-de-Leon A, Arenas-Huertero C, Vargas-Alarcon G, Kato-Maeda M, Small PM, et al. rpoB Gene Mutations in Rifampin-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Identified by Polymerase Chain Reaction Single-Stranded Conformational Polymorphism. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(6):1010-1013. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010615
AMA Bobadilla-del-Valle M, Ponce-de-Leon A, Arenas-Huertero C, et al. rpoB Gene Mutations in Rifampin-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Identified by Polymerase Chain Reaction Single-Stranded Conformational Polymorphism. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001;7(6):1010-1013. doi:10.3201/eid0706.010615.
APA Bobadilla-del-Valle, M., Ponce-de-Leon, A., Arenas-Huertero, C., Vargas-Alarcon, G., Kato-Maeda, M., Small, P. M....Sifuentes-Osornio, J. (2001). rpoB Gene Mutations in Rifampin-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Identified by Polymerase Chain Reaction Single-Stranded Conformational Polymorphism. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7(6), 1010-1013. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010615.

Detection and Identification of Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae and Ehrlichiae in African Ticks [PDF - 15 KB - 4 pages]
P. Parola et al.

Rickettsia africae, a recently identified pathogen, was detected for the first time in Amblyomma ticks from Niger, Mali, Burundi, and Sudan, and "R. mongolotimonae" was identified for the first time in Africa. Rickettsiae of unknown pathogenicity and two new ehrlichiae of the Ehrlichia canis group were identified in ticks from Mali and Niger.

EID Parola P, Inokuma H, Camicas J, Brouqui P, Raoult D. Detection and Identification of Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae and Ehrlichiae in African Ticks. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(6):1014-1017. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010616
AMA Parola P, Inokuma H, Camicas J, et al. Detection and Identification of Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae and Ehrlichiae in African Ticks. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001;7(6):1014-1017. doi:10.3201/eid0706.010616.
APA Parola, P., Inokuma, H., Camicas, J., Brouqui, P., & Raoult, D. (2001). Detection and Identification of Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae and Ehrlichiae in African Ticks. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7(6), 1014-1017. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010616.

Vector Competence of Selected North American Culex and Coquillettidia Mosquitoes for West Nile Virus [PDF - 35 KB - 5 pages]
M. R. Sardelis et al.

To control West Nile virus (WNV), it is necessary to know which mosquitoes are able to transmit this virus. Therefore, we evaluated the WNV vector potential of several North American mosquito species. Culex restuans and Cx. salinarius, two species from which WNV was isolated in New York in 2000, were efficient laboratory vectors. Cx. quinquefasciatus and Cx. nigripalpus from Florida were competent but only moderately efficient vectors. Coquillettidia perturbans was an inefficient laboratory vector. As WNV extends its range, exposure of additional mosquito species may alter its epidemiology.

EID Sardelis MR, Turell MJ, Dohm DJ, O'Guinn ML. Vector Competence of Selected North American Culex and Coquillettidia Mosquitoes for West Nile Virus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(6):1018-1022. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010617
AMA Sardelis MR, Turell MJ, Dohm DJ, et al. Vector Competence of Selected North American Culex and Coquillettidia Mosquitoes for West Nile Virus. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001;7(6):1018-1022. doi:10.3201/eid0706.010617.
APA Sardelis, M. R., Turell, M. J., Dohm, D. J., & O'Guinn, M. L. (2001). Vector Competence of Selected North American Culex and Coquillettidia Mosquitoes for West Nile Virus. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7(6), 1018-1022. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010617.

A Multistate Outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Infections Linked to Alfalfa Sprouts Grown from Contaminated Seeds [PDF - 73 KB - 7 pages]
T. Breuer et al.

A multistate outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections occurred in the United States in June and July 1997. Two concurrent outbreaks were investigated through independent case-control studies in Michigan and Virginia and by subtyping isolates with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Isolates from 85 persons were indistinguishable by PFGE. Alfalfa sprouts were the only exposure associated with E. coli O157:H7 infection in both Michigan and Virginia. Seeds used for sprouting were traced back to one common lot harvested in Idaho. New subtyping tools such as PFGE used in this investigation are essential to link isolated infections to a single outbreak.

EID Breuer T, Benkel DH, Shapiro RL, Hall WN, Winnett MM, Linn MJ, et al. A Multistate Outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Infections Linked to Alfalfa Sprouts Grown from Contaminated Seeds. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(6):977-983. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010609
AMA Breuer T, Benkel DH, Shapiro RL, et al. A Multistate Outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Infections Linked to Alfalfa Sprouts Grown from Contaminated Seeds. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001;7(6):977-983. doi:10.3201/eid0706.010609.
APA Breuer, T., Benkel, D. H., Shapiro, R. L., Hall, W. N., Winnett, M. M., Linn, M. J....Griffin, P. M. (2001). A Multistate Outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Infections Linked to Alfalfa Sprouts Grown from Contaminated Seeds. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7(6), 977-983. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010609.
Dispatches

Vancomycin-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus in a Home Health-Care Patient [PDF - 44 KB - 3 pages]
J. C. Hageman et al.

In June 2000, vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) was isolated from a 27-year-old home health-care patient following a complicated cholecystectomy. Two VISA strains were identified with identical MICs to all antimicrobials tested except oxacillin and with closely related pulsed-field gel electrophoresis types. The patient was treated successfully with antimicrobial therapy, biliary drainage, and reconstruction. Standard precautions in the home health setting appear successful in preventing transmission.

EID Hageman JC, Pegues DA, Jepson C, Bell RL, Guinan M, Ward KW, et al. Vancomycin-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus in a Home Health-Care Patient. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(6):1023-1025. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010618
AMA Hageman JC, Pegues DA, Jepson C, et al. Vancomycin-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus in a Home Health-Care Patient. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001;7(6):1023-1025. doi:10.3201/eid0706.010618.
APA Hageman, J. C., Pegues, D. A., Jepson, C., Bell, R. L., Guinan, M., Ward, K. W....Fridkin, S. K. (2001). Vancomycin-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus in a Home Health-Care Patient. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7(6), 1023-1025. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010618.

Legionella-Like and Other Amoebal Pathogens as Agents of Community-Acquired Pneumonia [PDF - 28 KB - 4 pages]
T. J. Marrie et al.

We tested serum specimens from three groups of patients with pneumonia by indirect immunofluorescence against Legionella-like amoebal pathogens (LLAPs) 1-7, 9, 10, 12, 13; Parachlamydia acanthamoeba strains BN 9 and Hall's coccus; and Afipia felis. We found that LLAPs play a role (albeit an infrequent one) in community-acquired pneumonia, usually as a co-pathogen but sometimes as the sole identified pathogen.

EID Marrie TJ, Raoult D, La Scola B, Birtles RJ, de Carolis E. Legionella-Like and Other Amoebal Pathogens as Agents of Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(6):1026-1029. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010619
AMA Marrie TJ, Raoult D, La Scola B, et al. Legionella-Like and Other Amoebal Pathogens as Agents of Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001;7(6):1026-1029. doi:10.3201/eid0706.010619.
APA Marrie, T. J., Raoult, D., La Scola, B., Birtles, R. J., & de Carolis, E. (2001). Legionella-Like and Other Amoebal Pathogens as Agents of Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7(6), 1026-1029. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010619.

Absence of High-Level Vancomycin Resistance in Enterococci Isolated from Meat-Processing Facilities [PDF - 16 KB - 2 pages]
P. W. Bodnaruk et al.

Enterococci isolated from packaging areas of meat-processing facilities that produce ready-to-eat meat products were examined for high-level vancomycin resistance. A total of 406 enterococci isolates from the plants' packaging areas were examined for vancomycin resistance. High-level vancomycin resistance was not demonstrated in any enterococci isolated from 12 meat-processing plants.

EID Bodnaruk PW, Krakar PJ, Tompkin RB. Absence of High-Level Vancomycin Resistance in Enterococci Isolated from Meat-Processing Facilities. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(6):1030-1031. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010620
AMA Bodnaruk PW, Krakar PJ, Tompkin RB. Absence of High-Level Vancomycin Resistance in Enterococci Isolated from Meat-Processing Facilities. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001;7(6):1030-1031. doi:10.3201/eid0706.010620.
APA Bodnaruk, P. W., Krakar, P. J., & Tompkin, R. B. (2001). Absence of High-Level Vancomycin Resistance in Enterococci Isolated from Meat-Processing Facilities. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7(6), 1030-1031. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010620.

Community-Acquired Acinetobacter radioresistens Bacteremia in an HIV-Positive Patient [PDF - 25 KB - 4 pages]
P. Visca et al.

We describe the first case of community-acquired bacteremia caused by Acinetobacter radioresistens; the patient was a 32-year-old HIV-positive neutropenic woman. Ambiguous Gram staining and poor biochemical reactivity of blood culture isolates misguided early diagnosis and therapy. Bacterial identification was based on 16S rDNA sequence analysis. A. radioresistens can be considered as a cause of opportunistic infection in immunodeficient patients.

EID Visca P, Petrucca A, De Mori P, Festa A, Boumis E, Antinori A, et al. Community-Acquired Acinetobacter radioresistens Bacteremia in an HIV-Positive Patient. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(6):1032-1035. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010621
AMA Visca P, Petrucca A, De Mori P, et al. Community-Acquired Acinetobacter radioresistens Bacteremia in an HIV-Positive Patient. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001;7(6):1032-1035. doi:10.3201/eid0706.010621.
APA Visca, P., Petrucca, A., De Mori, P., Festa, A., Boumis, E., Antinori, A....Petrosillo, N. (2001). Community-Acquired Acinetobacter radioresistens Bacteremia in an HIV-Positive Patient. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7(6), 1032-1035. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010621.

A Cultured Strain of "Helicobacter heilmannii," a Human Gastric Pathogen, Identified as H. bizzozeronii: Evidence for Zoonotic Potential of Helicobacter [PDF - 124 KB - 3 pages]
K. Jalava et al.

We compared the characteristics of a cultured human "Helicobacter heilmannii" isolate with those of other helicobacters found in animals. Phenotypic, protein profile, 16S rDNA sequence, and DNA-DNA hybridization analyses identified the human strain as H. bizzozeronii, a species frequently found in dogs. Thus, H. bizzozeronii may have zoonotic potential.

EID Jalava K, On SL, Harrington CS, Andersen LP, Hänninen M, Vandamme P. A Cultured Strain of "Helicobacter heilmannii," a Human Gastric Pathogen, Identified as H. bizzozeronii: Evidence for Zoonotic Potential of Helicobacter. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(6):1036-1038. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010622
AMA Jalava K, On SL, Harrington CS, et al. A Cultured Strain of "Helicobacter heilmannii," a Human Gastric Pathogen, Identified as H. bizzozeronii: Evidence for Zoonotic Potential of Helicobacter. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001;7(6):1036-1038. doi:10.3201/eid0706.010622.
APA Jalava, K., On, S. L., Harrington, C. S., Andersen, L. P., Hänninen, M., & Vandamme, P. (2001). A Cultured Strain of "Helicobacter heilmannii," a Human Gastric Pathogen, Identified as H. bizzozeronii: Evidence for Zoonotic Potential of Helicobacter. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7(6), 1036-1038. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010622.

Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Disease Following Hot Tub Exposure [PDF - 38 KB - 4 pages]
E. J. Mangione et al.

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) have been recognized as an important cause of disease in immunocompromised hosts. Pulmonary disease caused by NTM is increasingly recognized in previously healthy persons. Investigation of pulmonary disease affecting a family of five identified an indoor hot tub as the source of NTM-related disease.

EID Mangione EJ, Huitt G, Lenaway D, Beebe J, Bailey A, Figoski M, et al. Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Disease Following Hot Tub Exposure. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(6):1039-1042. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010623
AMA Mangione EJ, Huitt G, Lenaway D, et al. Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Disease Following Hot Tub Exposure. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001;7(6):1039-1042. doi:10.3201/eid0706.010623.
APA Mangione, E. J., Huitt, G., Lenaway, D., Beebe, J., Bailey, A., Figoski, M....Yakrus, M. A. (2001). Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Disease Following Hot Tub Exposure. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7(6), 1039-1042. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010623.

Catheter-Related Bacteremia due to Streptomyces in a Patient Receiving Holistic Infusions [PDF - 21 KB - 3 pages]
J. Carey et al.

Streptomyces species are rare causes of invasive infection in humans. We report the first documented case of a catheter-associated bacteremia due to Streptomyces. The most likely source of infection was unlicensed, injectable holistic preparations that the patient had received. We review reported cases of invasive infections caused by Streptomyces and comment on the potential infectious complications of parenteral holistic treatments.

EID Carey J, Motyl M, Perlman DC. Catheter-Related Bacteremia due to Streptomyces in a Patient Receiving Holistic Infusions. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(6):1043-1045. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010624
AMA Carey J, Motyl M, Perlman DC. Catheter-Related Bacteremia due to Streptomyces in a Patient Receiving Holistic Infusions. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001;7(6):1043-1045. doi:10.3201/eid0706.010624.
APA Carey, J., Motyl, M., & Perlman, D. C. (2001). Catheter-Related Bacteremia due to Streptomyces in a Patient Receiving Holistic Infusions. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7(6), 1043-1045. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010624.

A Multistate Outbreak of Salmonella enterica Serotype Baildon Associated with Domestic Raw Tomatoes [PDF - 23 KB - 3 pages]
K. Cummings et al.

Salmonella enterica serotype Baildon, a rare serotype, was recovered from 86 persons in eight states; 87% of illnesses began during a 3-week period ending January 9, 1999. Raw restaurant-prepared tomatoes were implicated in multiple case-control studies. Contamination likely occurred on the farm or during packing; more effective disinfection and prevention strategies are needed.

EID Cummings K, Barrett E, Mohle-Boetani JC, Brooks JT, Farrar J, Hunt T, et al. A Multistate Outbreak of Salmonella enterica Serotype Baildon Associated with Domestic Raw Tomatoes. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(6):1046-1048. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010625
AMA Cummings K, Barrett E, Mohle-Boetani JC, et al. A Multistate Outbreak of Salmonella enterica Serotype Baildon Associated with Domestic Raw Tomatoes. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001;7(6):1046-1048. doi:10.3201/eid0706.010625.
APA Cummings, K., Barrett, E., Mohle-Boetani, J. C., Brooks, J. T., Farrar, J., Hunt, T....Slutsker, L. (2001). A Multistate Outbreak of Salmonella enterica Serotype Baildon Associated with Domestic Raw Tomatoes. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7(6), 1046-1048. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010625.

Contact with Farming Environment as a Major Risk Factor for Shiga Toxin (Vero Cytotoxin)-Producing Escherichia coli O157 Infection in Humans [PDF - 21 KB - 3 pages]
S. J. O'Brien et al.

In a prospective, unmatched case-control study of sporadic Shiga toxin (Vero cytotoxin)-producing Escherichia coli O157 (STEC O157) infection in England, exposure to the farming environment emerged strongly as a risk factor (adjusted odds ratio = 2.45; 95% confidence intervals = 1.49-4.02; p=0.0004) posing further challenges and opportunities for prevention.

EID O'Brien SJ, Adak GK, Gilham C. Contact with Farming Environment as a Major Risk Factor for Shiga Toxin (Vero Cytotoxin)-Producing Escherichia coli O157 Infection in Humans. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(6):1049-1051. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010626
AMA O'Brien SJ, Adak GK, Gilham C. Contact with Farming Environment as a Major Risk Factor for Shiga Toxin (Vero Cytotoxin)-Producing Escherichia coli O157 Infection in Humans. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001;7(6):1049-1051. doi:10.3201/eid0706.010626.
APA O'Brien, S. J., Adak, G. K., & Gilham, C. (2001). Contact with Farming Environment as a Major Risk Factor for Shiga Toxin (Vero Cytotoxin)-Producing Escherichia coli O157 Infection in Humans. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7(6), 1049-1051. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010626.

Rift Valley Fever Outbreak, Mauritania, 1998: Seroepidemiologic, Virologic, Entomologic, and Zoologic Investigations [PDF - 31 KB - 3 pages]
P. Nabeth et al.

A Rift Valley fever outbreak occurred in Mauritania in 1998. Seroepidemiologic and virologic investigation showed active circulation of the Rift Valley fever virus, with 13 strains isolated, and 16% (range 1.5%-38%) immunoglobulin (Ig) M-positivity in sera from 90 humans and 343 animals (sheep, goats, camels, cattle, and donkeys). One human case was fatal.

EID Nabeth P, Kane Y, Abdalahi MO, Diallo M, Ndiaye K, Ba K, et al. Rift Valley Fever Outbreak, Mauritania, 1998: Seroepidemiologic, Virologic, Entomologic, and Zoologic Investigations. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(6):1052-1054. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010627
AMA Nabeth P, Kane Y, Abdalahi MO, et al. Rift Valley Fever Outbreak, Mauritania, 1998: Seroepidemiologic, Virologic, Entomologic, and Zoologic Investigations. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001;7(6):1052-1054. doi:10.3201/eid0706.010627.
APA Nabeth, P., Kane, Y., Abdalahi, M. O., Diallo, M., Ndiaye, K., Ba, K....Mathiot, C. (2001). Rift Valley Fever Outbreak, Mauritania, 1998: Seroepidemiologic, Virologic, Entomologic, and Zoologic Investigations. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7(6), 1052-1054. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010627.

Malaria in Illegal Chinese Immigrants, Italy [PDF - 24 KB - 4 pages]
A. Matteelli et al.

A cluster of 22 imported malaria cases, 21 caused by Plasmodium falciparum, was observed among illegal Chinese immigrants in northern Italy in the summer of 2000. The rate of severe disease was high because the patients were not immune and they sought health-care services late in their illness because of their clandestine status. Recognition of the outbreak was delayed because no regional alert system among infectious diseases hospitals was in place.

EID Matteelli A, Volonterio A, Gulletta M, Galimberti L, Maroccolo S, Gaiera G, et al. Malaria in Illegal Chinese Immigrants, Italy. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(6):1055-1058. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010628
AMA Matteelli A, Volonterio A, Gulletta M, et al. Malaria in Illegal Chinese Immigrants, Italy. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001;7(6):1055-1058. doi:10.3201/eid0706.010628.
APA Matteelli, A., Volonterio, A., Gulletta, M., Galimberti, L., Maroccolo, S., Gaiera, G....Castelli, F. (2001). Malaria in Illegal Chinese Immigrants, Italy. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7(6), 1055-1058. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010628.

Three Cases of Bacteremia Caused by Vibrio cholerae O1 in Blantyre, Malawi [PDF - 25 KB - 3 pages]
M. A. Gordon et al.

We report three fatal cases of bacteremia (two adults, one neonate) caused by Vibrio cholerae O1 (Ogawa), which occurred in the context of a community outbreak of cholera diarrhea in Blantyre, Malawi. Only four cases of invasive disease caused by V. cholerae O1 have previously been reported. We describe the clinical features associated with these rare cases and discuss their significance.

EID Gordon MA, Walsh AL, Rogerson SR, Magomero KC, Machili CE, Corkill JE, et al. Three Cases of Bacteremia Caused by Vibrio cholerae O1 in Blantyre, Malawi. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(6):1059-1061. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010629
AMA Gordon MA, Walsh AL, Rogerson SR, et al. Three Cases of Bacteremia Caused by Vibrio cholerae O1 in Blantyre, Malawi. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001;7(6):1059-1061. doi:10.3201/eid0706.010629.
APA Gordon, M. A., Walsh, A. L., Rogerson, S. R., Magomero, K. C., Machili, C. E., Corkill, J. E....Hart, C. A. (2001). Three Cases of Bacteremia Caused by Vibrio cholerae O1 in Blantyre, Malawi. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7(6), 1059-1061. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010629.

Rabies in Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), Ceará, Brazil [PDF - 94 KB - 4 pages]
S. R. Favoretto et al.

A new Rabies virus variant, with no close antigenic or genetic relationship to any known rabies variants found in bats or terrestrial mammals in the Americas, was identified in association with human rabies cases reported from the state of Ceará, Brazil, from 1991 to 1998. The marmoset, Callithrix jacchus jacchus, was determined to be the source of exposure.

EID Favoretto SR, de Mattos CC, Morais NB, Araújo FA, de Mattos CA. Rabies in Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), Ceará, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(6):1062-1065. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010630
AMA Favoretto SR, de Mattos CC, Morais NB, et al. Rabies in Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), Ceará, Brazil. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001;7(6):1062-1065. doi:10.3201/eid0706.010630.
APA Favoretto, S. R., de Mattos, C. C., Morais, N. B., Araújo, F. A., & de Mattos, C. A. (2001). Rabies in Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), Ceará, Brazil. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7(6), 1062-1065. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010630.

Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse), a Potential New Dengue Vector in Southern Cameroon [PDF - 21 KB - 2 pages]
D. Fontenille and J. C. Toto

Aedes albopictus, a mosquito vector of Dengue virus, has been recorded for the first time in Cameroon. Entomologic surveys in 2000 demonstrated that it is widespread in southern Cameroon, colonizing a wide variety of breeding sites and biting humans in every district surveyed. The presence of this vector increases the risk for emergence of dengue in Cameroon.

EID Fontenille D, Toto JC. Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse), a Potential New Dengue Vector in Southern Cameroon. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(6):1066-1067. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010631
AMA Fontenille D, Toto JC. Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse), a Potential New Dengue Vector in Southern Cameroon. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001;7(6):1066-1067. doi:10.3201/eid0706.010631.
APA Fontenille, D., & Toto, J. C. (2001). Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse), a Potential New Dengue Vector in Southern Cameroon. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7(6), 1066-1067. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010631.
Letters

Usefulness of Seminested Polymerase Chain Reaction for Screening Blood Donors at Risk for Malaria in Spain [PDF - 14 KB - 1 page]
A. Benito and J. Rubio
EID Benito A, Rubio J. Usefulness of Seminested Polymerase Chain Reaction for Screening Blood Donors at Risk for Malaria in Spain. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(6):1068. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010632
AMA Benito A, Rubio J. Usefulness of Seminested Polymerase Chain Reaction for Screening Blood Donors at Risk for Malaria in Spain. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001;7(6):1068. doi:10.3201/eid0706.010632.
APA Benito, A., & Rubio, J. (2001). Usefulness of Seminested Polymerase Chain Reaction for Screening Blood Donors at Risk for Malaria in Spain. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7(6), 1068. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010632.

Evidence Against Rapid Emergence of Praziquantel Resistance in Schistosoma haematobium, Kenya [PDF - 14 KB - 1 page]
G. Coles et al.
EID Coles G, Liang Y, Doenhoff M. Evidence Against Rapid Emergence of Praziquantel Resistance in Schistosoma haematobium, Kenya. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(6):1069. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010633
AMA Coles G, Liang Y, Doenhoff M. Evidence Against Rapid Emergence of Praziquantel Resistance in Schistosoma haematobium, Kenya. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001;7(6):1069. doi:10.3201/eid0706.010633.
APA Coles, G., Liang, Y., & Doenhoff, M. (2001). Evidence Against Rapid Emergence of Praziquantel Resistance in Schistosoma haematobium, Kenya. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7(6), 1069. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010633.

Evidence Against Rapid Emergence of Praziquantel Resistance in Schistosoma haematobium, Kenya--Reply to Drs. Coles, Liang, and Doenhoff [PDF - 14 KB - 2 pages]
C. H. King et al.
EID King CH, Ouma J, Muchiri E. Evidence Against Rapid Emergence of Praziquantel Resistance in Schistosoma haematobium, Kenya--Reply to Drs. Coles, Liang, and Doenhoff. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(6):1069-1070. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010634
AMA King CH, Ouma J, Muchiri E. Evidence Against Rapid Emergence of Praziquantel Resistance in Schistosoma haematobium, Kenya--Reply to Drs. Coles, Liang, and Doenhoff. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001;7(6):1069-1070. doi:10.3201/eid0706.010634.
APA King, C. H., Ouma, J., & Muchiri, E. (2001). Evidence Against Rapid Emergence of Praziquantel Resistance in Schistosoma haematobium, Kenya--Reply to Drs. Coles, Liang, and Doenhoff. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7(6), 1069-1070. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010634.

Reiter Syndrome Following Protracted Symptoms of Cyclospora Infection [PDF - 10 KB - 1 page]
V. S. Sloan
EID Sloan VS. Reiter Syndrome Following Protracted Symptoms of Cyclospora Infection. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(6):1070. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010635
AMA Sloan VS. Reiter Syndrome Following Protracted Symptoms of Cyclospora Infection. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001;7(6):1070. doi:10.3201/eid0706.010635.
APA Sloan, V. S. (2001). Reiter Syndrome Following Protracted Symptoms of Cyclospora Infection. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7(6), 1070. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010635.
About the Cover

Cover of Le Vie d'Italia magazine from 1924 [PDF - 33 KB - 1 page]
R. Romi
EID Romi R. Cover of Le Vie d'Italia magazine from 1924. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(6):1073. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.ac0706
AMA Romi R. Cover of Le Vie d'Italia magazine from 1924. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001;7(6):1073. doi:10.3201/eid0706.ac0706.
APA Romi, R. (2001). Cover of Le Vie d'Italia magazine from 1924. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7(6), 1073. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.ac0706.
Conference Summaries

Biological Warfare [PDF - 10 KB - 2 pages]
J. Lederberg
EID Lederberg J. Biological Warfare. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(6):1070-1071. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010636
AMA Lederberg J. Biological Warfare. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001;7(6):1070-1071. doi:10.3201/eid0706.010636.
APA Lederberg, J. (2001). Biological Warfare. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7(6), 1070-1071. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010636.
Page created: August 06, 2012
Page updated: August 06, 2012
Page reviewed: August 06, 2012
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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