Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 16, Number 4—April 2010
Research

Use of Norovirus Genotype Profiles to Differentiate Origins of Foodborne Outbreaks

Linda VerhoefComments to Author , Harry Vennema, Wilfrid van Pelt, David Lees, Hendriek Boshuizen, Kathleen Henshilwood, Marion Koopmans, on behalf of the Food-Borne Viruses in Europe Network1

Author affiliations: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands (L. Verhoef, H. Vennema, W. van Pelt, H. Boshuizen, M. Koopmans); Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, UK (D. Lees, K. Henshilwood); 1Additional members of the Food-Borne Viruses in Europe Network are listed at the end of this article.

Main Article

Table 1

Number of norovirus strains detected in samples from humans, bivalve mollusks, and food, 1999–2004*

Genotypes
Human surveillance, no. strains
Bivalve monitoring, no. strains Total no. strains
Pol-based Cap-based FB-food FB-feces FHB PB UN
Genogroups
I.1 I.1 1 8 0 5 18 0 32
I.2 0 6 0 1 32 8 47
I.3 I.3 0 8 3 16 80 13 120
I.4 I.4 9 8 1 8 46 86 158
I.5 0 0 0 1 5 3 9
I.6 I.6 2 3 1 21 17 25 69
I.7 0 1 0 0 7 2 10
NA I.a NA I.a 0 1 0 0 4 0 5
II.1 0 5 2 12 94 7 120
II.2 II.2 0 13 1 27 66 0 107
II.3 0 1 0 1 38 11 51
II.3R II.3 0 1 0 1 41 2 45
II.4 II.4 5 47 9 681 584 63 1,389
II.5 0 3 0 6 12 0 21
II.8 1 0 1 1 13 0 16
NA II.a 0 0 0 2 7 0 9
NA II.c 0 2 0 8 31 1 42
NA II.d 0 1 0 3 8 0 12
IV.1


0
2
0
1
8
0
11
Recombinants
NA II.b II.1, II.2, II.3 4 23 1 100 200 63 391
II.1 II.10 0 0 0 8 19 11 38
II.7 II.6, II.7 2 18 1 19 116 0 156
Total 24 151 20 922 1,446 295 2,858

*Poly, polymerase; cap, capsid; FB-food, foodborne-food, i.e., an outbreak was reported to be caused by food and the outbreak strain was detected in food; FB-feces, foodborne-feces, i.e., an outbreak was reported to be caused by food and the outbreak strain was detected in human feces only; FHB, food handler–borne, i.e., an outbreak was reported to be caused by an infected food handler contaminating the food and the outbreak strain was detected in human feces; PB, person-borne, i.e., an outbreak was reported to be caused by person-to-person transmission and the outbreak strain was detected in human feces; UN, unknown, i.e., the mode of transmission was not reported or was reported to be unknown and the outbreak strain was detected in human feces.

Main Article

1Members of the Food-Borne Viruses in Europe Network: B. Böttiger, K. Mølbak, C. Johnsen (Denmark); K.-H. von Bonsdorff, L. Maunula, M. Kuusi (Finland); P. Pothier, K. Balay, J. Kaplon, G. Belliot, S. Le Guyader (France); E. Schreier, K. Stark, J. Koch, M. Höhne (Germany); G. Szücs, G. Reuter, K. Krisztalovics (Hungary); Ireland: M. Lynch, B. Foley, P. McKeown, S. Coughlan (Ireland); E. Duizer, A. Kroneman, Y. van Duynhoven (the Netherlands); K. Vainio, K. Nygard, G. Kapperud (Norway); M. Poljsak-Prijatelj, D. Barlic-Maganja, A. Hocevar Grom (Slovenia); F. Ruggeri, I. Di Bartolo (Italy); A Bosch, A. Dominguez, J. Buesa, A. Sanchez Fauquier, G. Hernández-Pezzi (Spain); K.-O. Hedlund, Y. Andersson, M. Thorhagen, M. Lysén, M. Hjertqvist (Sweden); D. Brown, B. Adak, J. Gray, J. Harris, M. Iturriza (United Kingdom).

Page created: December 23, 2010
Page updated: December 23, 2010
Page reviewed: December 23, 2010
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external