Volume 26, Number 6—June 2020
Research
Zoonotic Alphaviruses in Fatal and Neurologic Infections in Wildlife and Nonequine Domestic Animals, South Africa
Jumari Steyn, Isabel Fourie, Johan Steyl, June Williams, Voula Stivaktas, Elizabeth Botha, Stefanie van Niekerk, Bjorn Reininghaus, and Marietjie Venter
Table 1
Samples from wildlife, nonequine domestic animals, and birds tested for alphavirus by using nested real-time PCRs specific for MIDV and SINV, South Africa*
| Animal |
No. tested |
No. positive (%, 95% CI) |
|
| MIDV |
SINV |
||
| Buffalo (Syncerus caffra) | 54 | 2 (3.7, 0.0–8.7) | 1 (1.9, 0.0–5.4) |
| Avian† | 51 | 2 (3.9, 0.0–9.2) | 0 |
| Sable antelope (Hippotragus niger) | 53 | 2 (3.8, 0.0–8.9) | 2 (3.8, 0.0–8.9) |
| Warthog (Phaecocherus africanus) | 26 | 2 (7.7, 0.0–18.0) | 0 |
| White rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) | 65 | 6 (9.2, 2.2–16.3) | 1 (1.5, 0.0–4.5) |
| Lion (Panthera leo) | 9 | 2 (22.2, 0.0–49.4) | 0 |
| Waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus) | 3 | 1 (33.3, 0.0–86.7) | 0 |
| Genet (Genetta genetta) | 2 | 1 (50.0, 0.0–119.3) | 1 (50.0, 0.0–119.3) |
| Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) | 6 | 0 | 1 (16.7, 0.0–46.5) |
| Blesbuck (Damaliscus pygargus phillipsi) | 4 | 0 | 1 (25.0, 0.0–67.4) |
| Crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) | 12 | 0 | 0 |
| Springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis) | 4 | 0 | 0 |
| Roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus) | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| Other antelope‡ | 82 | 0 | 0 |
| Elephant (Loxodonta africana) | 6 | 0 | 0 |
| Equine (zebra/donkeys)§ | 10 | 0 | 0 |
| Carnivores¶ | 17 | 0 | 0 |
| Alpaca | 8 | 0 | 0 |
| Domestic bovid | 93 | 5 (5.4, 0.8–10.0) | 0 |
| Domestic sheep | 45 | 0 | 1 (2.2, 0.0–6.5) |
| Domestic and other porcine | 5 | 0 | 1 (20.0, 0.0–46.5) |
| Camel | 8 | 0 | 0 |
| Goat | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Wildlife | 361 | 16 (4.4, 2.3–6.6) | 7 (1.9, 0.5–3.4) |
| Domestic | 196 | 5 (2.6, 0.3–4.8) | 2 (1.0, 0.0–2.4) |
| Avian |
51 |
2 (3.9, 0.0–9.2) |
0 |
| Total | 608 | 23 (3.8, 2.4–5.5) | 9 (1.5, 0.5–2.4) |
*MIDV, Middelburg virus; SINV, Sindbis virus.
†Avian MIDV-positive: laughing dove (Spilopelia senegalensis) and blue crane (Grus paradisea).
‡Kudu, wildebeest, impala.
§Zebra and donkeys.
¶Jackal, hyena, wild dog, civet.
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Page updated: May 18, 2020
Page reviewed: May 18, 2020
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