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Volume 26, Number 6—June 2020
Research

Zoonotic Alphaviruses in Fatal and Neurologic Infections in Wildlife and Nonequine Domestic Animals, South Africa

Jumari Steyn, Isabel Fourie, Johan Steyl, June Williams, Voula Stivaktas, Elizabeth Botha, Stefanie van Niekerk, Bjorn Reininghaus, and Marietjie VenterComments to Author 
Author affiliations: University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa (J. Steyn, I. Fourie, J. Steyl, J. Williams, V. Stivaktas, E. Botha, S. van Niekerk, M. Venter); Mpumalanga Veterinary Services, Middelburg, South Africa (B. Reininghaus)

Main Article

Table 2

Clinical signs associated with MIDV and SINV infections in wildlife, nonequine domestic animals, and birds, South Africa*

Virus, sign, and outcome No. (%) positive, n = 22 No (%) negative, n = 474 Odds ratio (95% CI) p value
MIDV
Sign
Fever 4 (18.2) 42 (8.9) 2.3 (0.7–7.1) 0.1
Neurologic signs 22 (100.0) 404 (85.2) ND 0.06
Ataxia 4 (18.2) 100 (21.1) 0.8 (0.2–2.5) 1.0
Paralysis 4 (18.2) 60 (12.7) 1.5 (0.5–4.7) 0.7
Quadriparesis 6 (27.3) 114 (24.1) 1.8 (0.5–3.1) 0.8
Tongue paralysis 0 4 (0.8) ND 1.0
Recumbency 4 (18.2) 101 (21.3) 0.8 (0.3–2.5) 1.0
Dyspnea 0 81 (17.1) ND 1.0
Hemorrhage 0 11 (2.3) ND 1.0
Congenital deformities 0 7 (1.5) ND 1.0
Blindness 0 11 (2.3) ND 1.0
Icterus 0 2 (0.4) ND 1.0
Seizure 0 29 (6.1) ND 1.0
Outcome n = 23 n = 585
Sudden unexpected death 1 (4.4) 75 (12.8) 0.3 (0.0–2.3) 0.3
Abortion 0 23 (4.1) ND 1.0
Stillbirth 0 13 (2.7) ND 1.0
Fatal
20 (87.0)
501 (85.6)
1.1 (0.3–3.9)
1.0
SINV n = 6 n = 490
Sign
Fever 1 (16.7) 45 (9.2) 2.0 (0.2–17.3) 0.5
Neurologic signs 6 (100.0) 420 (85.7) ND 1.0
Ataxia 2 (33.3) 102 (20.8) 1.9 (0.3–10.5) 0.6
Paralysis 1 (16.7) 63 (12.9) 1.4 (0.2–11.8) 0.7
Quadriparesis 0 120 (24.5) ND 1.0
Tongue paralysis 1 (16.7) 3 (0.6) 32.5 (2.9–368.3) <0.05
Recumbency 2 (33.3) 103 (21.0) 1.9 (0.3–10.4) 0.6
Dyspnea 1 (16.7) 80 (16.3) 1.0 (0.1–89) 1.0
Hemorrhage 0 11 (2.2) ND 1.0
Congenital deformities 0 7 (1.4) ND 1.0
Blindness 0 11 (2.4) ND 1.0
Icterus 0 2 (0.4) ND 1.0
Seizure 0 29 (5.9) ND 1.0
Outcome n = 9 n = 599
Sudden unexpected death 2 (22.2) 74 (12.7) 0.5 (0.1–2.4) 0.3
Abortion 1 (11.1) 22 (3.8) 3.3 (0.4–27.4) 0.3
Stillbirth 0 13 (2.7) ND 0.8
Fatal 9 (100.0) 512 (85.5) ND 1.0

*ND, not determined; MIDV, Middelburg virus; SINV, Sindbis virus.

Main Article

Page created: May 18, 2020
Page updated: May 18, 2020
Page reviewed: May 18, 2020
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