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Volume 29, Number 1—January 2023
Research

High SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence after Second COVID-19 Wave (October 2020–April 2021), Democratic Republic of the Congo

Yannick Munyeku-Bazitama, Gervais T. Folefack, Marc K. Yambayamba, Paul M. Tshiminyi, Benito M. Kazenza, John O. Otshudiema, Noe Tondri Guinko, Moreau D. Umba, Anastasie Mulumba, Lionel K. Baketana, Patrick K. Mukadi, Chris Smith, Jean-Jacques Muyembe-Tamfum, Steve Ahuka-Mundeke, and Sheila Makiala-MandandaComments to Author 
Author affiliations: Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan (Y. Munyeku-Bazitama); Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa (Y. Munyeku-Bazitama, M.K. Yambayamba, B.M. Kazenza, P.K. Mukadi, J.-J. Muyembe-Tamfum, S. Ahuka-Mundeke, S. Makiala-Mandanda); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Y. Munyeku-Bazitama, P.M. Tshiminyi, L.K. Baketana, P.K. Mukadi, J.-J. Muyembe-Tamfum, S. Ahuka-Mundeke, S. Makiala-Mandanda); Organisation Mondiale de la Santé, Kinshasa (G.T. Folefack, J.O. Otshudiema, N. Tondri Guinko, M.D. Umba, A. Mulumba); Nagasaki University, Japan (P.K. Mukadi, C. Smith); London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (C. Smith)

Main Article

Table 3

Sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in a study to ascertain cumulative SARS-CoV-2 exposure in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, after the second COVID-19 wave*

Characteristic Total no. Seropositive, no. (%) Crude OR (95% CI) Adjusted OR (95% CI)
Sex
F 1,369 1,005 (73.8) Referent Referent
M
 1,107
 780 (70.1)
 0.83 (0.64–1.07)
 0.83 (0.62–1.06)
Geographic area
Western 1,724 1,291 (74.3) Referent Referent
Eastern
 752
 494 (68.3)
 0.74 (0.58–0.95)
 0.81 (0.61–1.07)
Age, y
0–4 32 22 (70.8) Referent Referent
5–9 165 98 (60.2) 0.62 (0.29–1.33) 0.38 (0.15–0.96)
10–14 255 163 (61.8) 0.66 (0.28–1.55) 0.33 (0.12–0.91)
15–19 258 187 (72.4) 1.08 (0.51–2.27) 0.40 (0.15 –1.06)
20–29 497 364 (72.7) 1.10 (0.53–2.26) 0.39 (0.14–1.04)
30–39 393 295 (74.8) 1.22 (0.57–2.62) 0.42 (0.15–1.18)
40–49 349 272 (78.6) 1.51 (0.71–3.19) 0.52 (0.19–1.44)
50–59 265 194 (74.0) 1.17 (0.53–2.63) 0.40 (0.15–1.08)
60–69 179 131 (73.4) 1.14 (0.54–2.39) 0.41 (0.16–1.03)
70–79 69 51 (76.6) 1.35 (0.51–3.56) 0.63 (0.24–1.68)
≥80
 14
 8 (65.5)
 0.78 (0.23–2.63)
 0.39 (0.09–1.61)
Household average monthly income, US $
1–50 602 386 (66.8) Referent Referent
51–250 1,471 1,099 (74.2) 1.42 (1.12–1.80) 1.22 (0.94–1.59)
251–500 335 259 (75.3) 1.50 (0.98–2.33) 1.16 (0.73–1.82)
501–1,000 53 35 (65.2) 0.93 (0.46–1.85) 0.81 (0.41–1.57)
>1,000
 5
 1 (20.0)
 0.12 (0.04–0.36)
 0.12 (0.04–0.33)
Education
No formal education 66 41 (58.4) Referent Referent
Primary 457 281 (62.2) 1.17 (0.56–2.44) 1.73 (0.72–4.17)
Junior-high school 396 273 (69.7) 1.63 (0.82–3.24) 2.15 (0.88–5.23)
High school 782 595 (74.6) 2.09 (1.04–4.17) 2.44 (1.02–5.86)
Secondary, (vocational 263 203 (78.6) 2.61 (1.23–5.52) 3.02 (1.22–7.48)
Higher, vocational 46 37 (76.2) 2.28 (1.07–4.83) 2.75 (1.06–7.14)
University
 466
 355 (84.0)
 3.73 (1.10–2.67)
 4.33 (2.36–17.18)
Daily hand washing frequency
<1 time 466 297 (64.1) Referent Referent
1–2 times 516 389 (75.4) 1.72 (1.18–2.50) 1.43 (0.89–2.31)
3–4 times 362 248 (66.1) 1.09 (0.73–1.62) 0.91 (0.59–1.41)
5–6 times 190 143 (76.8) 1.85 (1.30–2.64) 1.41 (0.85–2.36)
>6 times
 942
 708 (74.8)
 1.66 (1.20–2.31)
 1.47 (0.92–2.36)
Face mask wearing
Never 398 247 (63.6) Referent Referent
Rarely 611 440 (71.6) 1.43 (0.96–2.14) 1.14 (0.66–1.96)
Sometimes 478 363 (74.8) 1.69 (1.19–2.41) 1.29 (0.80–2.07)
Often 640 477 (74.5) 1.66 (1.15–2.39) 1.22 (0.73–2.03)
Always
 349
 258 (74.1)
 1.63 (0.96–2.76)
 0.99 (0.51–1.96)
*OR, odds ratio.

Main Article

Page created: November 15, 2022
Page updated: December 21, 2022
Page reviewed: December 21, 2022
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