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Volume 29, Number 1—January 2023
Research

COVID-19 Booster Dose Vaccination Coverage and Factors Associated with Booster Vaccination among Adults, United States, March 2022

Peng-jun LuComments to Author , Anup Srivastav, Kushagra Vashist, Carla L. Black, Jennifer L. Kriss, Mei-Chuan Hung, Lu Meng, Tianyi Zhou, David Yankey, Nina B. Masters, Hannah E. Fast, Hilda Razzaghi, and James A. Singleton
Author affiliations: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (P.-j. Lu, A. Srivastav, K. Vashist, C.L. Black, J.L. Kriss, M.-C. Hung, L. Meng, T. Zhou, D. Yankey, N.B. Masters, H.E. Fast, H. Razzaghi, J.A. Singleton); Leidos Inc., Atlanta (A. Srivastav, M.-C. Hung, T. Zhou); Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA (K. Vashist)

Main Article

Table 2

Logistic model of associations between COVID-19 booster dose vaccination and characteristics among fully vaccinated adults, National Immunization Survey-Adult COVID Module, United States, February 27‒March 26, 2022*

Characteristic
PR (95% CI)
aPR (95% CI) demographic variables
aPR (95% CI) demographic and behavior variables
Age group, y
18–49 Referent Referent Referent
50–64 1.24 (1.20‒1.28)† 1.18 (1.14‒1.22)† 1.15 (1.11‒1.19)†
>65
1.48 (1.44‒1.53)†
1.38 (1.33‒1.42)†
1.32 (1.28‒1.36)†
Sex
M Referent Referent Referent
F
1.05 (1.02‒1.08)†
1.00 (0.98‒1.03)
0.99 (0.97‒1.02)
Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White Referent Referent Referent
Non-Hispanic Black 0.78 (0.74‒0.82)† 0.89 (0.85‒0.93)† 0.88 (0.84‒0.92)†
Hispanic 0.82 (0.78‒0.86)† 1.00 (0.96‒1.05) 0.99 (0.94‒1.03)
Non-Hispanic Asian 1.10 (1.05‒1.16)† 1.14 (1.08‒1.1)† 1.12 (1.06‒1.19)†
Non-Hispanic AI/AN 0.84 (0.72‒0.97)† 0.98 (0.87‒1.10) 0.99 (0.88‒1.12)
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander 0.67 (0.47‒0.96)† 1.03 (0.87‒1.21) 1.08 (0.89‒1.30)
Non-Hispanic other/multiple races
0.80 (0.72‒0.89)†
0.94 (0.85‒1.03)
0.95 (0.87‒1.04)
Urbanicity
MSA, principal city Referent Referent Referent
MSA, nonprincipal city 1.01 (0.98‒1.04) 0.97 (0.94‒1.00) 0.98 (0.95‒1.01)
Non-MSA
0.96 (0.92‒1.00)
0.91 (0.87‒0.95)†
0.95 (0.91‒0.99)†
SVI of county of residence‡
Low Referent Referent Referent
Moderate 0.95 (0.92‒0.98)† 0.97 (0.95‒1.00) 0.98 (0.96‒1.01)
High
0.87 (0.84‒0.90)†
0.95 (0.92‒0.99)†
0.98 (0.95‒1.01)
Household income
Below poverty Referent Referent Referent
Above poverty, <$75k 1.16 (1.08‒1.24)† 1.06 (1.00‒1.13) 1.05 (0.99‒1.11)
Above poverty, >$75k 1.37 (1.28‒1.46)† 1.15 (1.08‒1.22)† 1.13 (1.06‒1.20)†
Unknown
1.19 (1.11‒1.28)†
1.09 (1.02‒1.17)†
1.09 (1.03‒1.17)†
Education level
High school graduate or less Referent Referent Referent
Some college 1.15 (1.10‒1.20)† 1.09 (1.05‒1.13)† 1.06 (1.02‒1.10)†
College graduate
1.42 (1.37‒1.47)†
1.27 (1.22‒1.32 †
1.19 (1.15‒1.23)†
Health insurance
Insured 1.58 (1.45‒1.73)† 1.11 (1.04‒1.19)† 1.13 (1.06‒1.20)†
Not insured
Referent
Referent
Referent
Foreign born status
Foreign born 0.99 (0.95‒1.03) 1.04 (0.99‒1.09) 1.02 (0.98‒1.07)
US born
Referent
Referent
Referent
Frontline and essential workers§
Essential healthcare 1.30 (1.21‒1.39)† 1.13 (1.07‒1.20)† 1.11 (1.05‒1.17)†
School and childcare 1.31 (1.20‒1.43)† 1.13 (1.04‒1.22)† 1.10 (1.02‒1.18)†
Other frontline worker 1.00 (0.92‒1.10) 1.08 (1.01‒1.15)† 1.06 (1.00‒1.13)
Other essential worker Referent Referent Referent
Persons who are not essential workers
1.26 (1.19‒1.33)†
1.07 (1.02‒1.12)†
1.04 (0.99‒1.08)
Disability¶
Yes (any) 0.98 (0.93‒1.02) 0.93 (0.88‒0.97)† 0.94 (0.90‒0.99)†
No
Referent
Referent
Referent
Ever had COVID-19
Yes 0.73 (0.71‒0.76)† 0.81 (0.78‒0.83)† 0.85 (0.82‒0.87)†
No
Referent
Referent
Referent
Received any vaccine that was not a COVID-19 vaccine in the past 2 y
Yes 1.59 (1.53‒1.64)† 1.35 (1.31‒1.40)† 1.27 (1.23‒1.31)†
No
Referent
Referent
Referent
Reported medical conditions
Yes 1.16 (1.13‒1.19)† 1.06 (1.02‒1.09)† 1.02 (0.99‒1.05)
No
Referent
Referent
Referent
Concerned about getting COVID-19
Not at all/a little Referent NA Referent
Moderately/very
1.21 (1.17‒1.24)†

1.06 (1.03‒1.09)†
Thinks COVID-19 vaccine is important
Not at all/a little Referent NA Referent
Very/completely
2.98 (2.67‒3.31)†

1.54 (1.42‒1.69)†
Thinks COVID-19 vaccine is safe
Not at all/somewhat Referent NA Referent
Very/completely
1.80 (1.72‒1.89)†

1.30 (1.25‒1.36)†
Friends and family vaccinated
No/some family or friends Referent NA Referent
Many/almost all family or friends
1.58 (1.49‒1.67)†

1.14 (1.09‒1.19)†
Difficulty getting a COVID-19 vaccine
Very/somewhat Referent NA Referent
A little/not at all 0.85 (0.82‒0.88)† 0.93 (0.90‒0.96)†

*AI/AN, non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Native; aPR, adjusted prevalence ratio; MSA, metropolitan statistical area; NA, not applicable; PR, prevalence ratio; SVI, Social Vulnerability Index. †p<0.05 by t-test for comparison within each covariate category with the indicated reference level. ‡The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry SVI uses 15 US census variables to help officials identify communities that might need support before, during, or after disasters. §Essential worker groups were categorized as essential healthcare personnel (including healthcare, social service, and death care workers), school and childcare (including preschool or daycare, K–12 school, and other schools and instructional settings), other frontline (including first response [e.g., police or fire protection], correctional facility, food and beverage store, agriculture, forestry, fishing, or hunting, food manufacturing facility, nonfood manufacturing facility, public transit, and US Postal Service), other essential (including other essential that are not listed above), and not a frontline or essential worker (including those who were not employed). ¶Defined as an affirmative response to the following survey question: “Do you have serious difficulty seeing, hearing, walking, remembering, making decisions, or communicating?”

Main Article

Page created: November 04, 2022
Page updated: December 21, 2022
Page reviewed: December 21, 2022
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