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Issue Cover for Volume 30, Number 2—February 2024

Volume 30, Number 2—February 2024

[PDF - 9.94 MB - 204 pages]

Synopses

Medscape CME Activity
Multicenter Retrospective Study of Invasive Fusariosis in Intensive Care Units, France [PDF - 1.68 MB - 10 pages]
J. Demonchy et al.

Invasive fusariosis can be life-threatening, especially in immunocompromised patients who require intensive care unit (ICU) admission. We conducted a multicenter retrospective study to describe clinical and biologic characteristics, patient outcomes, and factors associated with death and response to antifungal therapy. We identified 55 patients with invasive fusariosis from 16 ICUs in France during 2002­–­­2020. The mortality rate was high (56%). Fusariosis-related pneumonia occurred in 76% of patients, often leading to acute respiratory failure. Factors associated with death included elevated sequential organ failure assessment score at ICU admission or history of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or hematologic malignancies. Neither voriconazole treatment nor disseminated fusariosis were strongly associated with response to therapy. Invasive fusariosis can lead to multiorgan failure and is associated with high mortality rates in ICUs. Clinicians should closely monitor ICU patients with a history of hematologic malignancies or stem cell transplantation because of higher risk for death.

EID Demonchy J, Biard L, Clere-Jehl R, Wallet F, Mokart D, Moreau A, et al. Multicenter Retrospective Study of Invasive Fusariosis in Intensive Care Units, France. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(2):215-224. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.231221
AMA Demonchy J, Biard L, Clere-Jehl R, et al. Multicenter Retrospective Study of Invasive Fusariosis in Intensive Care Units, France. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(2):215-224. doi:10.3201/eid3002.231221.
APA Demonchy, J., Biard, L., Clere-Jehl, R., Wallet, F., Mokart, D., Moreau, A....Zafrani, L. (2024). Multicenter Retrospective Study of Invasive Fusariosis in Intensive Care Units, France. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(2), 215-224. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.231221.

Salmonella Vitkin Outbreak Associated with Bearded Dragons, Canada and United States, 2021–2022 [PDF - 2.64 MB - 9 pages]
K. Paphitis et al.

We identified 2 cases of Salmonella enterica serovar Vitkin infection linked by whole-genome sequencing in infants in Ontario, Canada, during 2022. Both households of the infants reported having bearded dragons as pets. The outbreak strain was also isolated from an environmental sample collected from a patient’s bearded dragon enclosure. Twelve cases were detected in the United States, and onset dates occurred during March 2021–September 2022 (isolates related to isolates from Canada within 0–9 allele differences by core-genome multilocus sequence typing). Most US patients (66.7%) were <1 year of age, and most (72.7%) had reported bearded dragon exposure. Hospitalization was reported for 5 (38.5%) of 13 patients. Traceback of bearded dragons identified at least 1 potential common supplier in Southeast Asia. Sharing rare serovar information and whole-genome sequencing data between Canada and the United States can assist in timely identification of outbreaks, including those that might not be detected through routine surveillance.

EID Paphitis K, Habrun CA, Stapleton G, Reid A, Lee C, Majury A, et al. Salmonella Vitkin Outbreak Associated with Bearded Dragons, Canada and United States, 2021–2022. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(2):225-233. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.230963
AMA Paphitis K, Habrun CA, Stapleton G, et al. Salmonella Vitkin Outbreak Associated with Bearded Dragons, Canada and United States, 2021–2022. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(2):225-233. doi:10.3201/eid3002.230963.
APA Paphitis, K., Habrun, C. A., Stapleton, G., Reid, A., Lee, C., Majury, A....Forrest, R. O. (2024). Salmonella Vitkin Outbreak Associated with Bearded Dragons, Canada and United States, 2021–2022. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(2), 225-233. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.230963.

Parechovirus A Circulation and Testing Capacities in Europe, 2015–2021 [PDF - 3.25 MB - 11 pages]
L. Bubba et al.

Parechovirus infections usually affect neonates and young children; manifestations vary from asymptomatic to life-threatening. We describe laboratory capacity in Europe for assessing parechovirus circulation, seasonality, and epidemiology. We used retrospective anonymized data collected from parechovirus infection case-patients identified in Europe during January 2015–December 2021. Of 21 laboratories from 18 countries that participated in the study, 16 (76%) laboratories with parechovirus detection capacity reported 1,845 positive samples; 12/16 (75%) with typing capability successfully identified 517 samples. Parechovirus A3 was the most common type (n = 278), followed by A1 (153), A6 (50), A4 (13), A5 (22), and A14 (1). Clinical data from 1,269 participants highlighted correlation of types A3, A4, and A5 with severe disease in neonates. We observed a wide capacity in Europe to detect, type, and analyze parechovirus data. To enhance surveillance and response for PeV outbreaks, sharing typing protocols and data on parechovirus-positive cases should be encouraged.

EID Bubba L, Broberg EK, Fischer TK, Simmonds P, Harvala H. Parechovirus A Circulation and Testing Capacities in Europe, 2015–2021. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(2):234-244. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.230647
AMA Bubba L, Broberg EK, Fischer TK, et al. Parechovirus A Circulation and Testing Capacities in Europe, 2015–2021. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(2):234-244. doi:10.3201/eid3002.230647.
APA Bubba, L., Broberg, E. K., Fischer, T. K., Simmonds, P., & Harvala, H. (2024). Parechovirus A Circulation and Testing Capacities in Europe, 2015–2021. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(2), 234-244. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.230647.
Research

Medscape CME Activity
Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection among Children and Adults in 15 US Communities, 2021 [PDF - 2.24 MB - 10 pages]
J. Justman et al.

During January–August 2021, the Community Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Study used time/location sampling to recruit a cross-sectional, population-based cohort to estimate SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and nasal swab sample PCR positivity across 15 US communities. Survey-weighted estimates of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccine willingness among participants at each site were compared within demographic groups by using linear regression models with inverse variance weighting. Among 22,284 persons >2 months of age and older, median prevalence of infection (prior, active, or both) was 12.9% across sites and similar across age groups. Within each site, average prevalence of infection was 3 percentage points higher for Black than White persons and average vaccine willingness was 10 percentage points lower for Black than White persons and 7 percentage points lower for Black persons than for persons in other racial groups. The higher prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among groups with lower vaccine willingness highlights the disparate effect of COVID-19 and its complications.

EID Justman J, Skalland T, Moore A, Amos CI, Marzinke MA, Zangeneh SZ, et al. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection among Children and Adults in 15 US Communities, 2021. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(2):245-254. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.230863
AMA Justman J, Skalland T, Moore A, et al. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection among Children and Adults in 15 US Communities, 2021. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(2):245-254. doi:10.3201/eid3002.230863.
APA Justman, J., Skalland, T., Moore, A., Amos, C. I., Marzinke, M. A., Zangeneh, S. Z....Ahmed, S. (2024). Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection among Children and Adults in 15 US Communities, 2021. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(2), 245-254. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.230863.

Rapid Detection of Ceftazidime/Avibactam Susceptibility/Resistance in Enterobacterales by Rapid CAZ/AVI NP Test [PDF - 872 KB - 7 pages]
P. Nordmann et al.

We developed a novel culture-based test, the Rapid CAZ/AVI NP test, for rapid identification of ceftazidime/avibactam susceptibility/resistance in Enterobacterales. This test is based on glucose metabolization upon bacterial growth in the presence of a defined concentration of ceftazidime/avibactam (128/53 μg/mL). Bacterial growth is visually detectable by a red to yellow color change of red phenol, a pH indicator. A total of 101 well characterized enterobacterial isolates were used to evaluate the test performance. This test showed positive percent agreement of 100% and negative percent agreement of 98.5% with overall percent agreement of 99%, by comparison with the MIC gradient strip test (Etest) taken as the reference standard method. The Rapid CAZ/AVI NP test had only 1.5% major errors and 0% extremely major errors. This test is rapid (result within 2 hours 45 minutes), reliable, affordable, easily interpretable, and easy to implement in clinical microbiology laboratories without requiring any specific equipment.

EID Nordmann P, Bouvier M, Delaval A, Tinguely C, Poirel L, Sadek M. Rapid Detection of Ceftazidime/Avibactam Susceptibility/Resistance in Enterobacterales by Rapid CAZ/AVI NP Test. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(2):255-261. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.221398
AMA Nordmann P, Bouvier M, Delaval A, et al. Rapid Detection of Ceftazidime/Avibactam Susceptibility/Resistance in Enterobacterales by Rapid CAZ/AVI NP Test. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(2):255-261. doi:10.3201/eid3002.221398.
APA Nordmann, P., Bouvier, M., Delaval, A., Tinguely, C., Poirel, L., & Sadek, M. (2024). Rapid Detection of Ceftazidime/Avibactam Susceptibility/Resistance in Enterobacterales by Rapid CAZ/AVI NP Test. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(2), 255-261. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.221398.

Public Health Impact of Paxlovid as Treatment for COVID-19, United States [PDF - 1.39 MB - 8 pages]
Y. Bai et al.

We evaluated the population-level benefits of expanding treatment with the antiviral drug Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir/ritonavir) in the United States for SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant infections. Using a multiscale mathematical model, we found that treating 20% of symptomatic case-patients with Paxlovid over a period of 300 days beginning in January 2022 resulted in life and cost savings. In a low-transmission scenario (effective reproduction number of 1.2), this approach could avert 0.28 million (95% CI 0.03–0.59 million) hospitalizations and save US $56.95 billion (95% CI US $2.62–$122.63 billion). In a higher transmission scenario (effective reproduction number of 3), the benefits increase, potentially preventing 0.85 million (95% CI 0.36–1.38 million) hospitalizations and saving US $170.17 billion (95% CI US $60.49–$286.14 billion). Our findings suggest that timely and widespread use of Paxlovid could be an effective and economical approach to mitigate the effects of COVID-19.

EID Bai Y, Du Z, Wang L, Lau E, Fung I, Holme P, et al. Public Health Impact of Paxlovid as Treatment for COVID-19, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(2):262-269. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.230835
AMA Bai Y, Du Z, Wang L, et al. Public Health Impact of Paxlovid as Treatment for COVID-19, United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(2):262-269. doi:10.3201/eid3002.230835.
APA Bai, Y., Du, Z., Wang, L., Lau, E., Fung, I., Holme, P....Meyers, L. (2024). Public Health Impact of Paxlovid as Treatment for COVID-19, United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(2), 262-269. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.230835.

Impact of Meningococcal ACWY Vaccination Program during 2017–18 Epidemic, Western Australia, Australia [PDF - 1.72 MB - 9 pages]
K. Ewe et al.

The rising incidence of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) caused by Neisseria meningitidis serogroup W in Western Australia, Australia, presents challenges for prevention. We assessed the effects of a quadrivalent meningococcal vaccination program using 2012–2020 IMD notification data. Notification rates peaked at 1.8/100,000 population in 2017; rates among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations were 7 times higher than for other populations. Serogroup W disease exhibited atypical manifestations and increased severity. Of 216 cases, 20 IMD-related deaths occurred; most (19/20) were in unvaccinated persons. After the 2017–2018 targeted vaccination program, notification rates decreased from 1.6/100,000 population in 2018 to 0.9/100,000 population in 2019 and continued to decline in 2020. Vaccine effectiveness (in the 1–4 years age group) using the screening method was 93.6% (95% CI 50.1%–99.2%) in 2018 and 92.5% (95% CI 28.2%–99.2%) in 2019. Strategic planning and prompt implementation of targeted vaccination programs effectively reduce IMD.

EID Ewe K, Fathima P, Effler P, Giele C, Richmond P. Impact of Meningococcal ACWY Vaccination Program during 2017–18 Epidemic, Western Australia, Australia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(2):270-278. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.230144
AMA Ewe K, Fathima P, Effler P, et al. Impact of Meningococcal ACWY Vaccination Program during 2017–18 Epidemic, Western Australia, Australia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(2):270-278. doi:10.3201/eid3002.230144.
APA Ewe, K., Fathima, P., Effler, P., Giele, C., & Richmond, P. (2024). Impact of Meningococcal ACWY Vaccination Program during 2017–18 Epidemic, Western Australia, Australia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(2), 270-278. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.230144.

Piscichuvirus-Associated Severe Meningoencephalomyelitis in Aquatic Turtles, United States, 2009–2021 [PDF - 2.54 MB - 9 pages]
W. Laovechprasit et al.

Viruses from a new species of piscichuvirus were strongly associated with severe lymphocytic meningoencephalomyelitis in several free-ranging aquatic turtles from 3 coastal US states during 2009–2021. Sequencing identified 2 variants (freshwater turtle neural virus 1 [FTuNV1] and sea turtle neural virus 1 [STuNV1]) of the new piscichuvirus species in 3 turtles of 3 species. In situ hybridization localized viral mRNA to the inflamed region of the central nervous system in all 3 sequenced isolates and in 2 of 3 additional nonsequenced isolates. All 3 sequenced isolates phylogenetically clustered with other vertebrate chuvirids within the genus Piscichuvirus. FTuNV1 and STuNV1 shared ≈92% pairwise amino acid identity of the large protein, which narrowly places them within the same novel species. The in situ association of the piscichuviruses in 5 of 6 turtles (representing 3 genera) with lymphocytic meningoencephalomyelitis suggests that piscichuviruses are a likely cause of lymphocytic meningoencephalomyelitis in freshwater and marine turtles.

EID Laovechprasit W, Young KT, Stacy BA, Tillis SB, Ossiboff RJ, Vann JA, et al. Piscichuvirus-Associated Severe Meningoencephalomyelitis in Aquatic Turtles, United States, 2009–2021. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(2):280-288. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.231142
AMA Laovechprasit W, Young KT, Stacy BA, et al. Piscichuvirus-Associated Severe Meningoencephalomyelitis in Aquatic Turtles, United States, 2009–2021. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(2):280-288. doi:10.3201/eid3002.231142.
APA Laovechprasit, W., Young, K. T., Stacy, B. A., Tillis, S. B., Ossiboff, R. J., Vann, J. A....Stanton, J. B. (2024). Piscichuvirus-Associated Severe Meningoencephalomyelitis in Aquatic Turtles, United States, 2009–2021. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(2), 280-288. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.231142.

Multiple Introductions of Yersinia pestis during Urban Pneumonic Plague Epidemic, Madagascar, 2017 [PDF - 3.34 MB - 10 pages]
V. Andrianaivoarimanana et al.

Pneumonic plague (PP) is characterized by high infection rate, person-to-person transmission, and rapid progression to severe disease. In 2017, a PP epidemic occurred in 2 Madagascar urban areas, Antananarivo and Toamasina. We used epidemiologic data and Yersinia pestis genomic characterization to determine the sources of this epidemic. Human plague emerged independently from environmental reservoirs in rural endemic foci >20 times during August–November 2017. Confirmed cases from 5 emergences, including 4 PP cases, were documented in urban areas. Epidemiologic and genetic analyses of cases associated with the first emergence event to reach urban areas confirmed that transmission started in August; spread to Antananarivo, Toamasina, and other locations; and persisted in Antananarivo until at least mid-November. Two other Y. pestis lineages may have caused persistent PP transmission chains in Antananarivo. Multiple Y. pestis lineages were independently introduced to urban areas from several rural foci via travel of infected persons during the epidemic.

EID Andrianaivoarimanana V, Savin C, Birdsell DN, Vogler AJ, Le Guern A, Rahajandraibe S, et al. Multiple Introductions of Yersinia pestis during Urban Pneumonic Plague Epidemic, Madagascar, 2017. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(2):289-298. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.230759
AMA Andrianaivoarimanana V, Savin C, Birdsell DN, et al. Multiple Introductions of Yersinia pestis during Urban Pneumonic Plague Epidemic, Madagascar, 2017. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(2):289-298. doi:10.3201/eid3002.230759.
APA Andrianaivoarimanana, V., Savin, C., Birdsell, D. N., Vogler, A. J., Le Guern, A., Rahajandraibe, S....Rajerison, M. (2024). Multiple Introductions of Yersinia pestis during Urban Pneumonic Plague Epidemic, Madagascar, 2017. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(2), 289-298. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.230759.

Evolution and Spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus in Wild Birds, South Korea, 2022–2023 [PDF - 4.13 MB - 11 pages]
Y. Seo et al.

During October 2022–March 2023, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus caused outbreaks in South Korea, including 174 cases in wild birds. To understand the origin and role of wild birds in the evolution and spread of HPAI viruses, we sequenced 113 HPAI isolates from wild birds and performed phylogenetic analysis. We identified 16 different genotypes, indicating extensive genetic reassortment with viruses in wild birds. Phylodynamic analysis showed that the viruses were most likely introduced to the southern Gyeonggi-do/northern Chungcheongnam-do area through whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus) and spread southward. Cross-species transmission occurred between various wild bird species, including waterfowl and raptors, resulting in the persistence of HPAI in wild bird populations and further geographic spread as these birds migrated throughout South Korea. Enhanced genomic surveillance was an integral part of the HPAI outbreak response, aiding in timely understanding of the origin, evolution, and spread of the virus.

EID Seo Y, Cho AY, Si Y, Lee S, Kim D, Jeong H, et al. Evolution and Spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus in Wild Birds, South Korea, 2022–2023. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(2):299-309. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.231274
AMA Seo Y, Cho AY, Si Y, et al. Evolution and Spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus in Wild Birds, South Korea, 2022–2023. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(2):299-309. doi:10.3201/eid3002.231274.
APA Seo, Y., Cho, A. Y., Si, Y., Lee, S., Kim, D., Jeong, H....Lee, D. (2024). Evolution and Spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus in Wild Birds, South Korea, 2022–2023. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(2), 299-309. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.231274.

Evidence of Zika Virus Reinfection by Genome Diversity and Antibody Response Analysis, Brazil [PDF - 2.47 MB - 11 pages]
M. da Costa Castilho et al.

We generated 238 Zika virus (ZIKV) genomes from 135 persons in Brazil who had samples collected over 1 year to evaluate virus persistence. Phylogenetic inference clustered the genomes together with previously reported ZIKV strains from northern Brazil, showing that ZIKV has been remained relatively stable over time. Temporal phylogenetic analysis revealed limited within-host diversity among most ZIKV-persistent infected associated samples. However, we detected unusual virus temporal diversity from >5 persons, uncovering the existence of divergent genomes within the same patient. All those patients showed an increase in neutralizing antibody levels, followed by a decline at the convalescent phase of ZIKV infection. Of interest, in 3 of those patients, titers of neutralizing antibodies increased again after 6 months of ZIKV infection, concomitantly with real-time reverse transcription PCR re-positivity, supporting ZIKV reinfection events. Altogether, our findings provide evidence for the existence of ZIKV reinfection events.

EID da Costa Castilho M, de Filippis A, Machado L, de Lima Calvanti T, Lima M, Fonseca V, et al. Evidence of Zika Virus Reinfection by Genome Diversity and Antibody Response Analysis, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(2):310-320. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.230122
AMA da Costa Castilho M, de Filippis A, Machado L, et al. Evidence of Zika Virus Reinfection by Genome Diversity and Antibody Response Analysis, Brazil. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(2):310-320. doi:10.3201/eid3002.230122.
APA da Costa Castilho, M., de Filippis, A., Machado, L., de Lima Calvanti, T., Lima, M., Fonseca, V....Franca, R. (2024). Evidence of Zika Virus Reinfection by Genome Diversity and Antibody Response Analysis, Brazil. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(2), 310-320. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.230122.
Dispatches

Residual Immunity from Smallpox Vaccination and Possible Protection from Mpox, China [PDF - 696 KB - 4 pages]
Y. Huang et al.

Among persons born in China before 1980 and tested for vaccinia virus Tiantan strain (VVT), 28.7% (137/478) had neutralizing antibodies, 71.4% (25/35) had memory B-cell responses, and 65.7% (23/35) had memory T-cell responses to VVT. Because of cross-immunity between the viruses, these findings can help guide mpox vaccination strategies in China.

EID Huang Y, Guo L, Li Y, Ren L, Nie J, Xu F, et al. Residual Immunity from Smallpox Vaccination and Possible Protection from Mpox, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(2):321-324. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.230542
AMA Huang Y, Guo L, Li Y, et al. Residual Immunity from Smallpox Vaccination and Possible Protection from Mpox, China. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(2):321-324. doi:10.3201/eid3002.230542.
APA Huang, Y., Guo, L., Li, Y., Ren, L., Nie, J., Xu, F....Wang, J. (2024). Residual Immunity from Smallpox Vaccination and Possible Protection from Mpox, China. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(2), 321-324. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.230542.

Inferring Incidence of Unreported SARS-CoV-2 Infections Using Seroprevalence of Open Reading Frame 8 Antigen, Hong Kong [PDF - 1.13 MB - 4 pages]
S. Zhao et al.

We tested seroprevalence of open reading frame 8 antigens to infer the number of unrecognized SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infections in Hong Kong during 2022. We estimate 33.6% of the population was infected, 72.1% asymptomatically. Surveillance and control activities during large-scale outbreaks should account for potentially substantial undercounts.

EID Zhao S, Mok C, Tang Y, Chen C, Sun Y, Chong K, et al. Inferring Incidence of Unreported SARS-CoV-2 Infections Using Seroprevalence of Open Reading Frame 8 Antigen, Hong Kong. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(2):325-328. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.231332
AMA Zhao S, Mok C, Tang Y, et al. Inferring Incidence of Unreported SARS-CoV-2 Infections Using Seroprevalence of Open Reading Frame 8 Antigen, Hong Kong. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(2):325-328. doi:10.3201/eid3002.231332.
APA Zhao, S., Mok, C., Tang, Y., Chen, C., Sun, Y., Chong, K....Hui, D. (2024). Inferring Incidence of Unreported SARS-CoV-2 Infections Using Seroprevalence of Open Reading Frame 8 Antigen, Hong Kong. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(2), 325-328. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.231332.

Rebound of Gonorrhea after Lifting of COVID-19 Preventive Measures, England [PDF - 1.20 MB - 4 pages]
H. Fountain et al.

After lifting of all COVID-19 preventive measures in England in July 2021, marked, widespread increases in gonorrhea diagnoses, but not testing numbers, were observed, particularly in persons 15–24 years of age. Continued close surveillance and public health messaging to young persons are needed to control and prevent gonorrhea transmission.

EID Fountain H, Migchelsen SJ, Charles H, Ram T, Fifer H, Mohammed H, et al. Rebound of Gonorrhea after Lifting of COVID-19 Preventive Measures, England. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(2):329-332. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.231148
AMA Fountain H, Migchelsen SJ, Charles H, et al. Rebound of Gonorrhea after Lifting of COVID-19 Preventive Measures, England. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(2):329-332. doi:10.3201/eid3002.231148.
APA Fountain, H., Migchelsen, S. J., Charles, H., Ram, T., Fifer, H., Mohammed, H....Sinka, K. (2024). Rebound of Gonorrhea after Lifting of COVID-19 Preventive Measures, England. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(2), 329-332. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.231148.

Adapting COVID-19 Contact Tracing Protocols to Accommodate Resource Constraints, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, 2021 [PDF - 549 KB - 4 pages]
S. Jeon et al.

Because of constrained personnel time, the Philadelphia Department of Public Health (Philadelphia, PA, USA) adjusted its COVID-19 contact tracing protocol in summer 2021 by prioritizing recent cases and limiting staff time per case. This action reduced required staff hours to prevent each case from 21–30 to 8–11 hours, while maintaining program effectiveness.

EID Jeon S, Watson-Lewis L, Rainisch G, Chiu C, Castonguay FM, Fischer LS, et al. Adapting COVID-19 Contact Tracing Protocols to Accommodate Resource Constraints, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, 2021. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(2):333-336. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.230988
AMA Jeon S, Watson-Lewis L, Rainisch G, et al. Adapting COVID-19 Contact Tracing Protocols to Accommodate Resource Constraints, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, 2021. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(2):333-336. doi:10.3201/eid3002.230988.
APA Jeon, S., Watson-Lewis, L., Rainisch, G., Chiu, C., Castonguay, F. M., Fischer, L. S....Meltzer, M. I. (2024). Adapting COVID-19 Contact Tracing Protocols to Accommodate Resource Constraints, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, 2021. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(2), 333-336. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.230988.

Power Law for Estimating Underdetection of Foodborne Disease Outbreaks, United States [PDF - 1.12 MB - 4 pages]
L. Ford et al.

We fit a power law distribution to US foodborne disease outbreaks to assess underdetection and underreporting. We predicted that 788 fewer than expected small outbreaks were identified annually during 1998–2017 and 365 fewer during 2018–2019, after whole-genome sequencing was implemented. Power law can help assess effectiveness of public health interventions.

EID Ford L, Self JL, Wong KK, Hoekstra RM, Tauxe RV, Rose E, et al. Power Law for Estimating Underdetection of Foodborne Disease Outbreaks, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(2):337-340. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.230342
AMA Ford L, Self JL, Wong KK, et al. Power Law for Estimating Underdetection of Foodborne Disease Outbreaks, United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(2):337-340. doi:10.3201/eid3002.230342.
APA Ford, L., Self, J. L., Wong, K. K., Hoekstra, R. M., Tauxe, R. V., Rose, E....Bruce, B. B. (2024). Power Law for Estimating Underdetection of Foodborne Disease Outbreaks, United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(2), 337-340. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.230342.

Tick-Borne Encephalitis, Lombardy, Italy [PDF - 916 KB - 4 pages]
A. Gaffuri et al.

Tick-borne encephalitis was limited to northeast portions of Italy. We report in Lombardy, a populous region in the northwest, a chamois displaying clinical signs of tickborne encephalitis virus that had multiple virus-positive ticks attached, as well as a symptomatic man. Further, we show serologic evidence of viral circulation in the area.

EID Gaffuri A, Sassera D, Calzolari M, Gibelli L, Lelli D, Tebaldi A, et al. Tick-Borne Encephalitis, Lombardy, Italy. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(2):341-344. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.231016
AMA Gaffuri A, Sassera D, Calzolari M, et al. Tick-Borne Encephalitis, Lombardy, Italy. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(2):341-344. doi:10.3201/eid3002.231016.
APA Gaffuri, A., Sassera, D., Calzolari, M., Gibelli, L., Lelli, D., Tebaldi, A....Prati, P. (2024). Tick-Borne Encephalitis, Lombardy, Italy. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(2), 341-344. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.231016.

Critically Ill Patients with Visceral Nocardia Infection, France and Belgium, 2004–2023 [PDF - 480 KB - 5 pages]
L. Khellaf et al.

We studied 50 patients with invasive nocardiosis treated during 2004–2023 in intensive care centers in France and Belgium. Most (65%) died in the intensive care unit or in the year after admission. Nocardia infections should be included in the differential diagnoses for patients in the intensive care setting.

EID Khellaf L, Lemiale V, Decavèle M, de Chambrun M, Beurton A, Kamel T, et al. Critically Ill Patients with Visceral Nocardia Infection, France and Belgium, 2004–2023. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(2):345-349. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.231440
AMA Khellaf L, Lemiale V, Decavèle M, et al. Critically Ill Patients with Visceral Nocardia Infection, France and Belgium, 2004–2023. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(2):345-349. doi:10.3201/eid3002.231440.
APA Khellaf, L., Lemiale, V., Decavèle, M., de Chambrun, M., Beurton, A., Kamel, T....Joseph, A. (2024). Critically Ill Patients with Visceral Nocardia Infection, France and Belgium, 2004–2023. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(2), 345-349. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.231440.

Confirmed Autochthonous Case of Human Alveolar Echinococcosis, Italy, 2023 [PDF - 1.20 MB - 4 pages]
F. Tamarozzi et al.

In September 2023, a patient in Italy who had never traveled abroad was referred for testing for suspected hepatic cystic echinococcosis. Lesions were incompatible with cystic echinococcosis; instead, autochthonous alveolar echinococcosis was confirmed. Alveolar echinococcosis can be fatal, and awareness must be raised of the infection’s expanding distribution.

EID Tamarozzi F, Ronzoni N, Degani M, Oliboni E, Tappe D, Gruener B, et al. Confirmed Autochthonous Case of Human Alveolar Echinococcosis, Italy, 2023. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(2):350-353. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.231527
AMA Tamarozzi F, Ronzoni N, Degani M, et al. Confirmed Autochthonous Case of Human Alveolar Echinococcosis, Italy, 2023. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(2):350-353. doi:10.3201/eid3002.231527.
APA Tamarozzi, F., Ronzoni, N., Degani, M., Oliboni, E., Tappe, D., Gruener, B....Gobbi, F. (2024). Confirmed Autochthonous Case of Human Alveolar Echinococcosis, Italy, 2023. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(2), 350-353. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.231527.

Experimental SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Elk and Mule Deer [PDF - 634 KB - 4 pages]
S. M. Porter et al.

To assess the susceptibility of elk (Cervus canadensis) and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) to SARS-CoV-2, we performed experimental infections in both species. Elk did not shed infectious virus but mounted low-level serologic responses. Mule deer shed and transmitted virus and mounted pronounced serologic responses and thus could play a role in SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology.

EID Porter SM, Hartwig AE, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Marano JM, Root J, Bosco-Lauth AM. Experimental SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Elk and Mule Deer. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(2):354-357. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.231093
AMA Porter SM, Hartwig AE, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, et al. Experimental SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Elk and Mule Deer. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(2):354-357. doi:10.3201/eid3002.231093.
APA Porter, S. M., Hartwig, A. E., Bielefeldt-Ohmann, H., Marano, J. M., Root, J., & Bosco-Lauth, A. M. (2024). Experimental SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Elk and Mule Deer. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(2), 354-357. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.231093.

Identification of Large Adenovirus Infection Outbreak at University by Multipathogen Testing, South Carolina, USA, 2022 [PDF - 699 KB - 5 pages]
M. E. Tori et al.

Using multipathogen PCR testing, we identified 195 students with adenovirus type 4 infections on a university campus in South Carolina, USA, during January–May 2022. We co-detected other respiratory viruses in 43 (22%) students. Continued surveillance of circulating viruses is needed to prevent virus infection outbreaks in congregate communities.

EID Tori ME, Chontos-Komorowski J, Stacy J, Lamson DM, St. George K, Lail AT, et al. Identification of Large Adenovirus Infection Outbreak at University by Multipathogen Testing, South Carolina, USA, 2022. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(2):358-362. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.230623
AMA Tori ME, Chontos-Komorowski J, Stacy J, et al. Identification of Large Adenovirus Infection Outbreak at University by Multipathogen Testing, South Carolina, USA, 2022. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(2):358-362. doi:10.3201/eid3002.230623.
APA Tori, M. E., Chontos-Komorowski, J., Stacy, J., Lamson, D. M., St. George, K., Lail, A. T....Hsu, C. H. (2024). Identification of Large Adenovirus Infection Outbreak at University by Multipathogen Testing, South Carolina, USA, 2022. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(2), 358-362. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.230623.

Emerging Enterovirus A71 Subgenogroup B5 Causing Severe Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease, Vietnam, 2023 [PDF - 757 KB - 5 pages]
N. Chau et al.

We report on a 2023 outbreak of severe hand, foot, and mouth disease in southern Vietnam caused by an emerging lineage of enterovirus A71 subgenogroup B5. Affected children were significantly older than those reported during previous outbreaks. The virus should be closely monitored to assess its potential for global dispersal.

EID Chau N, Thuong T, Hung N, Hong N, Quy D, Thien TB, et al. Emerging Enterovirus A71 Subgenogroup B5 Causing Severe Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease, Vietnam, 2023. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(2):363-367. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.231024
AMA Chau N, Thuong T, Hung N, et al. Emerging Enterovirus A71 Subgenogroup B5 Causing Severe Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease, Vietnam, 2023. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(2):363-367. doi:10.3201/eid3002.231024.
APA Chau, N., Thuong, T., Hung, N., Hong, N., Quy, D., Thien, T. B....Van Tan, L. (2024). Emerging Enterovirus A71 Subgenogroup B5 Causing Severe Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease, Vietnam, 2023. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(2), 363-367. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.231024.

Obstetric and Neonatal Invasive Meningococcal Disease Caused by Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup W, Western Australia, Australia [PDF - 1.04 MB - 4 pages]
J. Hart et al.

Three mother-baby pairs with invasive meningococcal disease occurred over 7 months in Western Australia, Australia, at a time when serogroup W sequence type 11 clonal complex was the predominant local strain. One mother and 2 neonates died, highlighting the role of this strain as a cause of obstetric and early neonatal death.

EID Hart J, Dowse GK, Porter M, Speers DJ, Keil AD, Bew JD, et al. Obstetric and Neonatal Invasive Meningococcal Disease Caused by Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup W, Western Australia, Australia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(2):368-371. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.230639
AMA Hart J, Dowse GK, Porter M, et al. Obstetric and Neonatal Invasive Meningococcal Disease Caused by Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup W, Western Australia, Australia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(2):368-371. doi:10.3201/eid3002.230639.
APA Hart, J., Dowse, G. K., Porter, M., Speers, D. J., Keil, A. D., Bew, J. D....Kahler, C. M. (2024). Obstetric and Neonatal Invasive Meningococcal Disease Caused by Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup W, Western Australia, Australia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(2), 368-371. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.230639.

Using Insurance Claims Data to Estimate Blastomycosis Incidence, Vermont, USA, 2011–2020 [PDF - 635 KB - 4 pages]
B. F. Borah et al.

The epidemiology of blastomycosis in Vermont, USA, is poorly understood. Using insurance claims data, we estimated the mean annual blastomycosis incidence was 1.8 patients/100,000 persons during 2011–2020. Incidence and disease severity were highest in north-central counties. Our findings highlight a need for improved clinical awareness and expanded surveillance.

EID Borah BF, Meddaugh P, Fialkowski V, Kwit N. Using Insurance Claims Data to Estimate Blastomycosis Incidence, Vermont, USA, 2011–2020. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(2):372-375. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.230825
AMA Borah BF, Meddaugh P, Fialkowski V, et al. Using Insurance Claims Data to Estimate Blastomycosis Incidence, Vermont, USA, 2011–2020. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(2):372-375. doi:10.3201/eid3002.230825.
APA Borah, B. F., Meddaugh, P., Fialkowski, V., & Kwit, N. (2024). Using Insurance Claims Data to Estimate Blastomycosis Incidence, Vermont, USA, 2011–2020. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(2), 372-375. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.230825.

Introduction and Spread of Dengue Virus 3, Florida, USA, May 2022–April 2023 [PDF - 1.18 MB - 4 pages]
F. K. Jones et al.

During May 2022–April 2023, dengue virus serotype 3 was identified among 601 travel-associated and 61 locally acquired dengue cases in Florida, USA. All 203 sequenced genomes belonged to the same genotype III lineage and revealed potential transmission chains in which most locally acquired cases occurred shortly after introduction, with little sustained transmission.

EID Jones FK, Morrison AM, Santiago GA, Rysava K, Zimler RA, Heberlein LA, et al. Introduction and Spread of Dengue Virus 3, Florida, USA, May 2022–April 2023. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(2):376-379. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.231615
AMA Jones FK, Morrison AM, Santiago GA, et al. Introduction and Spread of Dengue Virus 3, Florida, USA, May 2022–April 2023. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(2):376-379. doi:10.3201/eid3002.231615.
APA Jones, F. K., Morrison, A. M., Santiago, G. A., Rysava, K., Zimler, R. A., Heberlein, L. A....Stanek, D. R. (2024). Introduction and Spread of Dengue Virus 3, Florida, USA, May 2022–April 2023. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(2), 376-379. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.231615.

Borrelia turicatae from Ticks in Peridomestic Setting, Camayeca, Mexico [PDF - 2.86 MB - 4 pages]
E. Vázquez-Guerrero et al.

We conducted surveillance studies in Sinaloa, Mexico, to determine the circulation of tick-borne relapsing fever spirochetes. We collected argasid ticks from a home in the village of Camayeca and isolated spirochetes. Genomic analysis indicated that Borrelia turicatae infection is a threat to those living in resource-limited settings.

EID Vázquez-Guerrero E, Kneubehl AR, Pellegrini-Hernández P, González-Quiroz J, Domínguez-López M, Krishnavajhala A, et al. Borrelia turicatae from Ticks in Peridomestic Setting, Camayeca, Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(2):380-383. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.231053
AMA Vázquez-Guerrero E, Kneubehl AR, Pellegrini-Hernández P, et al. Borrelia turicatae from Ticks in Peridomestic Setting, Camayeca, Mexico. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(2):380-383. doi:10.3201/eid3002.231053.
APA Vázquez-Guerrero, E., Kneubehl, A. R., Pellegrini-Hernández, P., González-Quiroz, J., Domínguez-López, M., Krishnavajhala, A....Lopez, J. E. (2024). Borrelia turicatae from Ticks in Peridomestic Setting, Camayeca, Mexico. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(2), 380-383. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.231053.
Research Letters

Phylogenomics of Dengue Virus Isolates Causing Dengue Outbreak, São Tomé and Príncipe, 2022 [PDF - 431 KB - 3 pages]
L. Lázaro et al.

We determined that the dengue outbreak in São Tomé and Príncipe during 2022 was caused by dengue virus serotype 3 genotype III. Phylogenomic analyses showed that the outbreak strain was closely related to the newly identified GIII-American-II lineage and that the virus probably was introduced from the Americas.

EID Lázaro L, Winter D, Toancha K, Borges A, Gonçalves A, Santos A, et al. Phylogenomics of Dengue Virus Isolates Causing Dengue Outbreak, São Tomé and Príncipe, 2022. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(2):384-386. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.231316
AMA Lázaro L, Winter D, Toancha K, et al. Phylogenomics of Dengue Virus Isolates Causing Dengue Outbreak, São Tomé and Príncipe, 2022. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(2):384-386. doi:10.3201/eid3002.231316.
APA Lázaro, L., Winter, D., Toancha, K., Borges, A., Gonçalves, A., Santos, A....Schuldt, K. (2024). Phylogenomics of Dengue Virus Isolates Causing Dengue Outbreak, São Tomé and Príncipe, 2022. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(2), 384-386. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.231316.

Integrating Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratories for Emergency Use Testing during Pandemics [PDF - 408 KB - 3 pages]
N. F. Hodges et al.

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic showed limitations in human outbreak testing. Veterinary diagnostic laboratories (VDLs) possess capabilities to bolster emergency test capacity. Surveys from 26 participating VDLs found human SARS-CoV-2 testing was mutually beneficial, including One Health benefits. VDLs indicated testing >3.8 million human samples during the pandemic, which included some challenges.

EID Hodges NF, Sparrer M, Sherman T, Mayer T, Adney DR, Ragan I, et al. Integrating Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratories for Emergency Use Testing during Pandemics. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(2):386-388. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.230562
AMA Hodges NF, Sparrer M, Sherman T, et al. Integrating Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratories for Emergency Use Testing during Pandemics. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(2):386-388. doi:10.3201/eid3002.230562.
APA Hodges, N. F., Sparrer, M., Sherman, T., Mayer, T., Adney, D. R., Ragan, I....Webb, T. L. (2024). Integrating Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratories for Emergency Use Testing during Pandemics. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(2), 386-388. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.230562.

Model for Interpreting Discordant SARS-CoV-2 Diagnostic Test Results [PDF - 738 KB - 4 pages]
O. F. Egbelowo et al.

We devised a model to interpret discordant SARS-CoV-2 test results. We estimate that, during March 2020–May 2022, a patient in the United States who received a positive rapid antigen test result followed by a negative nucleic acid test result had only a 15.4% (95% CI 0.6%–56.7%) chance of being infected.

EID Egbelowo OF, Fox SJ, Gibson GC, Meyers L. Model for Interpreting Discordant SARS-CoV-2 Diagnostic Test Results. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(2):388-391. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.230200
AMA Egbelowo OF, Fox SJ, Gibson GC, et al. Model for Interpreting Discordant SARS-CoV-2 Diagnostic Test Results. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(2):388-391. doi:10.3201/eid3002.230200.
APA Egbelowo, O. F., Fox, S. J., Gibson, G. C., & Meyers, L. (2024). Model for Interpreting Discordant SARS-CoV-2 Diagnostic Test Results. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(2), 388-391. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.230200.

SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Beaver Farm, Mongolia, 2021 [PDF - 551 KB - 4 pages]
T. Takemura et al.

We report an outbreak of COVID-19 in a beaver farm in Mongolia in 2021. Genomic characterization revealed a unique combination of mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 of the infected beavers. Based on these findings, increased surveillance of farmed beavers should be encouraged.

EID Takemura T, Ankhanbaatar U, Settypalli TK, Purevtseren D, Shura G, Damdinjav B, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Beaver Farm, Mongolia, 2021. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(2):391-394. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.231318
AMA Takemura T, Ankhanbaatar U, Settypalli TK, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Beaver Farm, Mongolia, 2021. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(2):391-394. doi:10.3201/eid3002.231318.
APA Takemura, T., Ankhanbaatar, U., Settypalli, T. K., Purevtseren, D., Shura, G., Damdinjav, B....Lamien, C. E. (2024). SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Beaver Farm, Mongolia, 2021. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(2), 391-394. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.231318.

Severe Infective Endocarditis Caused by Bartonella rochalimae [PDF - 350 KB - 3 pages]
E. C. Traver et al.

A 22-year-old man from Guatemala sought care for subacute endocarditis and mycotic brain aneurysm after living in good health in the United States for 15 months. Bartonella rochalimae, a recently described human and canine pathogen, was identified by plasma microbial cell-free DNA testing. The source of infection is unknown.

EID Traver EC, Saharia K, Luethy P, Amoroso A. Severe Infective Endocarditis Caused by Bartonella rochalimae. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(2):394-396. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.230929
AMA Traver EC, Saharia K, Luethy P, et al. Severe Infective Endocarditis Caused by Bartonella rochalimae. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(2):394-396. doi:10.3201/eid3002.230929.
APA Traver, E. C., Saharia, K., Luethy, P., & Amoroso, A. (2024). Severe Infective Endocarditis Caused by Bartonella rochalimae. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(2), 394-396. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.230929.

Fatal West Nile Virus Infection in Horse Returning to United Kingdom from Spain, 2022 [PDF - 504 KB - 3 pages]
M. Schilling et al.

We report fatal West Nile virus (WNV) infection in a 7-year-old mare returning to the United Kingdom from Spain. Case timeline and clustering of virus sequence with recent WNV isolates suggest that transmission occurred in Andalusía, Spain. Our findings highlight the importance of vaccination for horses traveling to WNV-endemic regions.

EID Schilling M, Dunkel B, Floyd T, Hicks D, Nunez A, Steinbach F, et al. Fatal West Nile Virus Infection in Horse Returning to United Kingdom from Spain, 2022. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(2):396-398. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.230690
AMA Schilling M, Dunkel B, Floyd T, et al. Fatal West Nile Virus Infection in Horse Returning to United Kingdom from Spain, 2022. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(2):396-398. doi:10.3201/eid3002.230690.
APA Schilling, M., Dunkel, B., Floyd, T., Hicks, D., Nunez, A., Steinbach, F....Johnson, N. (2024). Fatal West Nile Virus Infection in Horse Returning to United Kingdom from Spain, 2022. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(2), 396-398. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.230690.

Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Lineage V in Wood Mice, Germany [PDF - 906 KB - 3 pages]
C. Mehl et al.

We identified a novel lineage of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, tentatively named lineage V, in wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) from Germany. Wood mouse–derived lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus can be found across a substantially greater range than previously thought. Increased surveillance is needed to determine its geographic range and zoonotic potential.

EID Mehl C, Adeyemi O, Wylezich C, Höper D, Beer M, Triebenbacher C, et al. Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Lineage V in Wood Mice, Germany. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(2):399-401. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.230868
AMA Mehl C, Adeyemi O, Wylezich C, et al. Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Lineage V in Wood Mice, Germany. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(2):399-401. doi:10.3201/eid3002.230868.
APA Mehl, C., Adeyemi, O., Wylezich, C., Höper, D., Beer, M., Triebenbacher, C....Ulrich, R. G. (2024). Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Lineage V in Wood Mice, Germany. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(2), 399-401. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.230868.
Letters

No Evidence for Clade I Monkeypox Virus Circulation, Belgium [PDF - 230 KB - 1 page]
L. Liesenborghs et al.
EID Liesenborghs L, Coppens J, Van Dijck C, Brosius I, De Baetselier I, Vercauteren K, et al. No Evidence for Clade I Monkeypox Virus Circulation, Belgium. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(2):402. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.231746
AMA Liesenborghs L, Coppens J, Van Dijck C, et al. No Evidence for Clade I Monkeypox Virus Circulation, Belgium. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(2):402. doi:10.3201/eid3002.231746.
APA Liesenborghs, L., Coppens, J., Van Dijck, C., Brosius, I., De Baetselier, I., Vercauteren, K....Van Esbroeck, M. (2024). No Evidence for Clade I Monkeypox Virus Circulation, Belgium. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(2), 402. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.231746.

Nonnegligible Seroprevalence and Predictors of Murine Typhus, Japan [PDF - 236 KB - 1 page]
K. Iwata
EID Iwata K. Nonnegligible Seroprevalence and Predictors of Murine Typhus, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(2):403. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.230827
AMA Iwata K. Nonnegligible Seroprevalence and Predictors of Murine Typhus, Japan. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(2):403. doi:10.3201/eid3002.230827.
APA Iwata, K. (2024). Nonnegligible Seroprevalence and Predictors of Murine Typhus, Japan. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(2), 403. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.230827.

Nonnegligible Seroprevalence and Predictors of Murine Typhus, Japan (Response) [PDF - 474 KB - 2 pages]
T. Aita et al.
EID Aita T, Sando E, Katoh S, Hamaguchi S, Fujita H, Kurita N. Nonnegligible Seroprevalence and Predictors of Murine Typhus, Japan (Response). Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(2):403-404. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.231465
AMA Aita T, Sando E, Katoh S, et al. Nonnegligible Seroprevalence and Predictors of Murine Typhus, Japan (Response). Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(2):403-404. doi:10.3201/eid3002.231465.
APA Aita, T., Sando, E., Katoh, S., Hamaguchi, S., Fujita, H., & Kurita, N. (2024). Nonnegligible Seroprevalence and Predictors of Murine Typhus, Japan (Response). Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(2), 403-404. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.231465.
Books and Media

To Catch a Virus, 2nd Edition [PDF - 451 KB - 1 page]
R. N. Danila
EID Danila RN. To Catch a Virus, 2nd Edition. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(2):405. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.231576
AMA Danila RN. To Catch a Virus, 2nd Edition. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(2):405. doi:10.3201/eid3002.231576.
APA Danila, R. N. (2024). To Catch a Virus, 2nd Edition. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(2), 405. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.231576.
Etymologia

Etymologia: Ring Vaccination [PDF - 890 KB - 1 page]
V. Sharma et al.
EID Sharma V, Sharma R, Singh BB. Etymologia: Ring Vaccination. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(2):279. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.221909
AMA Sharma V, Sharma R, Singh BB. Etymologia: Ring Vaccination. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(2):279. doi:10.3201/eid3002.221909.
APA Sharma, V., Sharma, R., & Singh, B. B. (2024). Etymologia: Ring Vaccination. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(2), 279. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.221909.
Online Reports

Key Challenges for Respiratory Virus Surveillance while Transitioning out of Acute Phase of COVID-19 Pandemic [PDF - 1013 KB - 9 pages]
O. Eales et al.

To support the ongoing management of viral respiratory diseases while transitioning out of the acute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries are moving toward an integrated model of surveillance for SARS-CoV-2, influenza virus, and other respiratory pathogens. Although many surveillance approaches catalyzed by the COVID-19 pandemic provide novel epidemiologic insight, continuing them as implemented during the pandemic is unlikely to be feasible for nonemergency surveillance, and many have already been scaled back. Furthermore, given anticipated cocirculation of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus, surveillance activities in place before the pandemic require review and adjustment to ensure their ongoing value for public health. In this report, we highlight key challenges for the development of integrated models of surveillance. We discuss the relative strengths and limitations of different surveillance practices and studies as well as their contribution to epidemiologic assessment, forecasting, and public health decision-making.

EID Eales O, Plank MJ, Cowling BJ, Howden BP, Kucharski AJ, Sullivan SG, et al. Key Challenges for Respiratory Virus Surveillance while Transitioning out of Acute Phase of COVID-19 Pandemic. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(2):1-9. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.230768
AMA Eales O, Plank MJ, Cowling BJ, et al. Key Challenges for Respiratory Virus Surveillance while Transitioning out of Acute Phase of COVID-19 Pandemic. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(2):1-9. doi:10.3201/eid3002.230768.
APA Eales, O., Plank, M. J., Cowling, B. J., Howden, B. P., Kucharski, A. J., Sullivan, S. G....Shearer, F. M. (2024). Key Challenges for Respiratory Virus Surveillance while Transitioning out of Acute Phase of COVID-19 Pandemic. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(2), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.230768.
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The Spirit of Transportation in a Connected World [PDF - 1.57 MB - 3 pages]
N. M. M’ikanatha et al.
EID M’ikanatha NM, Breedlove B, Welliver DP. The Spirit of Transportation in a Connected World. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(2):406-408. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.ac3002
AMA M’ikanatha NM, Breedlove B, Welliver DP. The Spirit of Transportation in a Connected World. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(2):406-408. doi:10.3201/eid3002.ac3002.
APA M’ikanatha, N. M., Breedlove, B., & Welliver, D. P. (2024). The Spirit of Transportation in a Connected World. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(2), 406-408. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.ac3002.
Page created: January 24, 2024
Page updated: January 25, 2024
Page reviewed: January 25, 2024
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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